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超声引导定位下腋路臂丛神经阻滞不同剂量利多卡因复合罗哌卡因剂量的使用研究

作者 / Author:张 华 焦天明

关键词 / KeyWords:

超声引导,腋路臂丛神经阻滞,利多卡因,罗哌卡因,麻醉效果

超声引导定位下腋路臂丛神经阻滞不同剂量利多卡因复合罗哌卡因剂量的使用研究

张 华 焦天明
新疆维吾尔自治区第二济困医院麻醉科,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830026
作者简介:张华,Email:1853112955@qq.com
摘要 目的 分析超声引导定位下腋路臂丛神经阻滞利多卡因复合罗哌卡因剂量的使用情况。方法 选取2016-02—12新疆维吾尔自治区第二济困医院收治的择期行上肢手术98例患者为观察对象,随机分为A、B、C3组,A组、B组各33例,C组32例。3组患者使用相同的麻醉药(2%利多卡因复合0.75%罗哌卡因)。A、B、C 3组麻醉药使用总剂量分别为20、25、30 mL。记录3组患者各神经(桡神经、正中神经、尺神经、肌皮神经)感觉组织起效时间、麻醉持续时间和阻滞效果,评价不同剂量利多卡因复合罗哌卡因在腋路臂丛神经阻滞麻醉中的效果,观察3组患者有无麻醉不良反应的发生。结果 A组各神经麻醉起效时间均长于B、C 2组(P<0.05),且阻滞效果低于B、C 2组(P<0.05);A组麻醉持续时间均短于B、C 2组(P<0.05);A、B、C 3组麻醉优良率分别为75.8%(25/33)、97.0%(32/33)和100.0%(32/32),A组麻醉优良率明显低于B、C 2组(P<0.05)。3组患者均未出现麻醉相关不良反应。结论 30 mL 2%利多卡因复合0.75%罗哌卡因在超声引导定位下腋路臂丛神经阻滞麻醉中具有较高的应用效果,见效快、持续时间长且安全性高,能够提高手术麻醉效果,是一种理想的麻醉方案。
关键词】 超声引导;腋路臂丛神经阻滞;利多卡因;罗哌卡因;麻醉效果
中图分类号】 R614  【文献标识码】 A  【文章编号】 1673-5110(2018)18-1998-08 DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2018.18.442
Application of different doses of lidocaine combined with ropivacaine in the treatment of sacral brachial plexus block under ultrasound guidance
ZHANG HuaJIAO Tianming
Department of AnesthesiologySecond Jiji HospitalXinjiang Uygur Autonomous RegionUrumqi 830026,China
Abstract】 Objective To analyze the application of lidocaine combined with ropivacaine dose in the treatment of axillary brachial plexus block with ultrasound-guided positioning.Methods A total of 98 patients undergoing elective upper extremity surgery were selected from February 2016 to December 2016 in the second economic hospital in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.The patients were randomly divided into groups A,B,and C.There were 33 patients in each group A and B.There were only 32 patients in the C group.All three patients used the same anesthetic (2% lidocaine and 0.75% ropivacaine).The total dose of anesthetics used in groups A,B,and C was 20,25,and 30 mL,respectively.The onset time,anesthesia duration,and block effect of the sensory tissues of all nerves (branch nerve,median nerve,ulnar nerve,and musculocutaneous nerve) in 3 groups of patients were recorded.Different doses of lidocaine and ropivacaine were evaluated in the axillary brachial plexus.In the effect of nerve block anesthesia,the occurrence of adverse reactions to anesthesia was observed in the three groups of patients.Results The onset time of each nerve anesthesia in group A was longer than that of group B and C (P<0.05),and the block effect was lower than that of group B and C (P<0.05).The duration of anesthesia in group A was shorter than that of group B and C (P<0.05);The anesthesia rate in group A,B,and C was 75.8% (25/33),97.0% (32/33),and 100.0% (32/32),respectively.The anesthesia rate in group A was significantly lower than that in group B,C group (P<0.05).There were no anesthesia-related adverse reactions in all three groups.Conclusion 30 mL 2% lidocaine combined with 0.75% ropivacaine has a high application effect in the brachial plexus block anesthesia with ultrasound-guided localization.It has quick results,long duration and high safety,and can improve the surgical anesthesia.The effect is an ideal anaesthesia program.
Key words】 Ultrasonography;Axillary brachial plexus block;Lidocaine;Ropivacaine;Anesthetic effect
    传统定位方法主要是根据人体解剖标志、穿刺针触及神经引发的异常感等方法来寻找神经,这种方法具有一定的盲目性,且容易损伤神经和血管,从而导致多种并发症的出现[1-8]。近些年来随着神经刺激器及超声引导技术的不断发展,促使神经阻滞成功率得到显著提升,提高了神经阻滞的针对性,有助于降低并发症的发生[9-16]。腋路臂丛神经阻滞是一种常用的入路途径,在上肢手术中具有较好的应用效果。但临床对于腋路臂丛神经阻滞麻醉药剂量使用情况的研究较少[17-26]。因此,本文主要针对超声引导定位下腋路臂丛神经阻滞不同剂量利多卡因复合罗哌卡因剂量的使用情况展开分析,现报道如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 临床资料 选取新疆维吾尔自治区第二济困医院2016-02—12收治的98例医院收治行择期上肢手术患者作为观察对象,随机分为A、B、C 3组,A组、B组各33例,C组32例。A组33例,男16例,女17例;年龄18~70(46.8±12.6)岁;体质量40~71(53.4±5.6)kg;ASA分级:Ⅰ级20例,Ⅱ级13例。B组男18例,女15例;年龄18~71(45.3±11.5)岁;体质量42~70(54.5±5.2)kg;ASA分级:Ⅰ级22例,Ⅱ级11例。C组男16例,女16例;年龄18~69(46.2±12.3)岁;体质量43~70 (55.3±5.2)kg;ASA分级:Ⅰ级19例,Ⅱ级13例。入选标准:(1)行择期上肢手术的住院患者;(2)患者及家属均对本次研究知情并自愿签署同意书。排除标准:中枢神经系统疾病、外周神经损伤、凝血系统异常以及糖尿病患者。3组一般资料差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。
1.2 方法 3组患者使用相同的麻醉药(2%利多卡因复合0.75%罗哌卡因)。A、B、C 3组麻醉药使用总剂量分别为20、25、30 mL。超声定位下腋路臂丛神经阻滞方法:常规开放外周静脉,平卧位,患肢外展90°,前臂保持仰位,采用德国西门子公司生产的超声扫描仪进行腋路臂丛神经扫描,超声频率为10~14 MHz,使用“一针四点法”在超声引导下进针至目标神经(即桡神经、正中神经、尺神经、肌皮神经),回抽无血后在目标神经周围注入麻醉药。注射过程中可适当调整针尖位置,使麻醉药更好地与神经接触。
    3组患者超声引导、麻醉操作及观察指标均由专人进行记录。手术开始前若阻滞效果不理想,可静脉分别注射0.1 mg芬太尼和5 mg咪唑安定,若仍未达到阻滞效果可改为全麻。
1.3 观察指标 记录3组患者各神经(桡神经、正中神经、尺神经、肌皮神经)感觉组织起效时间、麻醉持续时间和组织效果,评价不同剂量利多卡因复合罗哌卡因在腋路臂丛神经阻滞麻醉中的效果,观察3组患者有无麻醉不良反应的发生。麻醉起效时间:注射完毕后患者神经支配区域完全无感觉的时间,即阻滞后使用针刺法对患者各神经阻滞情况进行测定,1次/min,注射麻药10 min后改为1次/2 min,直至患者完全无感觉。麻醉效果[27]:(1)显效:患者术中无疼痛感,能够配合手术操作;(2)有效:患者术中有轻微疼痛,但不影响手术;(3)无效:患者术中有剧烈疼痛,无法配合手术操作。麻醉持续时间:注射麻药后至术后针刺患者可感到疼痛的时间,若患者采用石膏固定无法使用针刺法则以创口感到痛觉的时间为基准[28-37]。麻醉效果:注射麻药后神经痛觉改变情况;优秀:手术时患者完全无感觉;良好:手术前针刺仍有轻微疼痛,追加芬太尼、咪唑安定后术中无感觉;失败:改为全麻才达到符合手术对麻醉效果的标准[38-47]
1.4 统计学分析 所取数据应用SPSS 统计软件进行数据处理。计量资料以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,组间比较采用t检验;计数资料以率(%)表示,组间比较采用χ2检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
 
2 结果
2.1 3组各神经麻醉起效时间比较 A组各神经麻醉起效时间均长于B、C 2组(P<0.05)。见表1。
2.2 3组阻滞效果比较 A组阻滞效果低于B、C 2组(P<0.05)。见表2。
表1 3组各神经麻醉起效时间比较 (x±s,min)
Table 1 The onset time of three groups of nerve anaesthesia (x±s,min)
组别 n 桡神经 正中神经 尺神经 肌皮神经
A 33 12.6±4.3 12.5±4.6 11.5±3.4 11.2±3.2
B 33 5.6±1.8a 5.3±1.8a 3.0±0.5a 2.6±0.5a
C 32 5.4±1.5a 5.0±1.5a 2.6±0.7a 2.3±0.5a
注:与A组比较,aP<0.05
表2  3组阻滞效果比较 [n(%)]
Table 2 Comparison of three groups of block effect [n(%)]
组别 n 阻滞效果 桡神经 正中神经 尺神经 肌皮神经
A 33 显效 26(78.8) 24(72.7) 27(81.8) 27(81.8)
    有效 5(15.2) 6(18.2) 6(18.2) 5(15.2)
    无效 2(6.0) 3(9.1) 0 1(3.0)
B 33 显效 32(97.0) 33(100.0) 33(100.0) 33(100.0)
    有效 1(3.0) 0 0 0
    无效 0 0 0 0
C 32 显效 32(100.0) 32(100.0) 32(100.0) 32(100.0)
    有效 0 0 0 0
    无效 0 0 0 0
χ2   11.75 19.52 12.59 10.38
P   <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05
 
 注:桡神经:χ2AB=5.29,χ2AC=7.61,P<0.05;正中神经:χ2AB=10.42,χ2AC=10.13,均P<0.05;尺神经:χ2AB=6.60,χ2AC=6.41,P<0.05;肌皮神经:χ2AB=6.60,χ2AC=6.41,P<0.05
2.3 麻醉持续时间 A、B、C 3组的麻醉持续时间分别为(3.5±0.6)h、(5.2±0.8)h和(5.5±0.7)h,A组麻醉持续时间均短于B、C2组(P<0.05)。
2.4 3组患者的麻醉效果比较 A、B、C 3组麻醉优良率分别为75.8%(25/33)、97.0%(32/33)和100.0%(32/32),A组麻醉优良率明显低于B、C2组(P<0.05)。见表3。
表3 3组患者的麻醉效果 [n(%)]
Table 3 Comparison of anesthetic effects in three groups [n(%)]
 
组别 n 优秀 良好 失败 优良率/%
A 33 10(30.3) 14(42.4) 8(24.2) 75.8
B 33 20(60.6)a 12(36.4) 1(3.0)a 97.0a
C 32 24(75.0)a 8(25.0)a 0a 100.0a
注:与A组比较,aP<0.05
2.5 3组不良反应发生率 3组患者均未出现麻醉相关不良反应。
3 讨论
    近些年来,随着超声引导技术的不断创新,推动了臂丛神经阻滞技术的发展[48-57]。高频超声能够有效观察到臂丛声像图,从而能够引导穿刺针进行神经定位,从而突破传统寻找神经方法的限制,降低并发症发生率[58-65]。传统理论认为臂丛神经阻滞多依赖高剂量麻醉药取得较好的麻醉效果。有学者认为超声引导能够有效降低臂丛神经阻滞麻醉药使用量,但具体剂量仍有待进一步商榷[66-70]
    超声引导下腋路臂丛神经阻滞是一种有效的麻醉技术,具有直观、成功率高且用药量小的优势,能够有效降低麻醉药不良反应发生率,从而改善患者的预后情况[71-75]。有研究指出[76-80],超声引导定位下腋路臂丛神经阻滞操作简单,适用于广大基层医院。腋窝管鞘中有大量筋膜组织,能够有效避免局麻药的分散,能够保证药物的剂量,从而避免局麻失败。高频超声能够有效观察到腋路臂丛神经的结构、血管及周围组织[81-85]。在超声引导下可将穿刺针直接刺入目标神经周围,从而减少传统寻找臂丛神经方法造成的神经及血管损伤,同时能够清楚的观察到麻醉药的注射过程,从而观察麻醉药是否完全包裹目标神经[86-90]。若麻醉药向周围扩散,可重新调整注射位置,直至麻醉药完全包裹神经[91-105]。这种方式能够有效保障神经阻滞效果,同时减小神经阻滞麻醉药的使用量,能够证实腋路臂丛神经阻滞的优势。
    本研究结果显示,A组各神经麻醉起效时间均长于B、C 2组(P<0.05),且阻滞效果低于B、C2组(P<0.05),这说明低剂量麻醉药的见效时间长于中高剂量麻醉药,且阻滞效果低于中高剂量麻醉药,提示总量为25~30 mL麻醉药能够快速发挥麻醉效果且阻滞效果较为理想。A组由于麻药剂量小,神经未完全被麻药所包裹;而B、C2组在超声图像上表现出完全包裹的征象,且A组麻醉持续时间均短于B、C 2组(P<0.05),这可能由于麻醉药量过少使得药效维持时间短,而总量为25~30 mL麻醉药能够维持较长的麻醉时间;A、B、C 3组麻醉优良率分别为75.8%、97.0%和100.0%,A组麻醉优良率明显低于B、C 2组(P<0.05),这说明30 mL麻醉药的麻醉效果最好,可在腋路臂丛神经阻滞中推广使用。
    30 mL 2%利多卡因复合0.75%罗哌卡因在超声引导定位下腋路臂丛神经阻滞麻醉中具有较高的应用效果,见效快且持续时间长,能够提高手术麻醉效果。
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(收稿2017-02-17 修回2018-07-10)
本文引用信息:张华,焦天明.超声引导定位下腋路臂丛神经阻滞不同剂量利多卡因复合罗哌卡因剂量的使用研究[J].中国实用神经疾病杂志,2018,21(18):1998-2005.DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2018.18.442
Reference information:ZHANG Hua,JIAO Tianming.Application of different doses of lidocaine combined with ropivacaine in the treatment of sacral brachial plexus block under ultrasound guidance[J].Chinese Journal of Practical Nervous Diseases,2018,21(18):1998-2005.DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2018.18.442

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