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早期认知语言康复干预对精神发育迟缓儿童的影响

作者 / Author:王新荣 曹广志 韩艳梅

摘要 / Abstract:

目的 探讨早期认知与语言康复干预在精神发育迟缓(MR)患儿中的应用价值。方法 以信阳市中心医院收治的104例精神发育迟缓患儿为研究对象,随机分成A组与B组各52例。A组给予常规干预,B组在A组基础上给予早期认知与语言康复干预,比较2组DQ(发育商)评分与WISC(韦氏幼儿智力量表)评分。结果 干预后,B组DQ评分高于A组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);干预后,B组WISC评分高于A组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);B组干预后临界率为48.08%,A组为9.62%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。

关键词 / KeyWords:

精神发育迟缓,儿童,语言,认知,干预
早期认知语言康复干预对精神发育迟缓儿童的影响
王新荣 曹广志 韩艳梅
信阳市中心医院,河南 信阳 464000
作者简介:王新荣,Email:xb7407up@163.com
摘要 目的 探讨早期认知与语言康复干预在精神发育迟缓(MR)患儿中的应用价值。方法 以信阳市中心医院收治的104例精神发育迟缓患儿为研究对象,随机分成A组与B组各52例。A组给予常规干预,B组在A组基础上给予早期认知与语言康复干预,比较2组DQ(发育商)评分与WISC(韦氏幼儿智力量表)评分。结果 干预后,B组DQ评分高于A组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);干预后,B组WISC评分高于A组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);B组干预后临界率为48.08%,A组为9.62%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 早期对精神发育迟缓患儿进行认知、语言康复干预,能改善精神发育水平,提升DQ与WISC,值得临床推广。
关键词】 精神发育迟缓;儿童;语言;认知;干预
中图分类号】 R748  【文献标识码】 A  【文章编号】 1673-5110(2018)18-2012-06  DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2018.18.444
Effects of early cognition and language rehabilitations intervention on children with mental retardation
WANG XinrongCAO GuangzhiHAN Yanmei
Xinyang Central HospitalXinyang 464000,China
Abstract】 Objective To explore the application values of early cognition and language rehabilitation interventions on children patients with mental retardation (MR).Methods 104 cases of children patients with mental retardation in our hospital were selected for the study and randomly divided into group A and group B with 52 cases in each group.Group A was given conventional intervention,and group B was given early cognition and language rehabilitation interventions on the basis of group A.The DQ (developmental quotient) score and the WISC (Wechsler intelligence scale of children ) score were compared between the two groups.Results After intervention,the score of DQ in group B was higher than that in group A (P<0.05).After intervention,the score of WISC in group B was higher than that in group A (P<0.05).There was no difference in the critical rate between group B and group A after intervention (48.08% vs 9.62%) (P<0.05).Conclusion Early cognition and language rehabilitation interventions for children patients with mental retardation can improve their mental development and enhance DQ and WISC,therefore it is worthy of clinical promotion.
Key words】 Mental retardation;Children;Cognition;Language;Intervention
    精神发育迟缓(mental retardation,MR)指儿童发育时期智力功能比同龄水平明显更低,且存在行为缺陷病症,小儿时期患病率较高,临床表现包括情感幼稚、反应迟钝、认知障碍等[1-5]。MR发病机制较复杂,大多因围生期脑受损所诱发。现阶段临床针对MR患儿并未找到确切治疗方法,主要给予对症治疗。患儿在接受药物治疗同时,还应辅以早期康复训练,改善其发育水平,使患儿语言、动手操作等各项能力提升[6-11]。研究表明[12-19],早期语言训练与认知功能训练有助于MR患儿智力的改善,可促进患儿正常发育。为了解具体干预情况,本次研究选取104例患儿进行对比分析。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料 选取2014-08—2016-08于信阳市中心医院入院就诊的精神发育迟缓患儿104例,按照抽签结果分成A、B组各52例。A组(常规干预)女23例,男29例,年龄4~36(15.94±1.37)个月,DQ(54.93±2.58)分。B组(常规干预+语言康复训练+认知功能训练)女24例,男28例,年龄4~35(16.27±1.45)个月,DQ(53.36±2.49)分。2组一般资料比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。
1.2 入选与排除标准 入选标准:符合《精神障碍诊断与统计手册》[20]中的诊断标准;治疗依从性好;不存在视听障碍;患儿家属签署同意书。
    排除标准:治疗依从性差,不能按照要求完成治疗与训练任务;伴视听障碍,无法配合研究;不愿参与研究。
1.3 治疗方法 A组:常规康复治疗。运动疗法:主要为促进手技,同时配合平衡、肌力训练,每次训练时间为40 min,5次/周;小脑电刺激:利用脑循环治疗仪(YS-6001B 常州雅思医疗器械有限公司)治疗,5次/周。
    B组:在常规康复治疗基础上实施认知功能、语言训练。由专业治疗师进行指导,根据患儿认知发育水平,对训练题目合理设置,共3~4个课题,每次,训练时间控制在20 min内,3次/周,共接受12周的训练。(1)交流训练:若患儿处在语言前节段,则将交流训练改为人眼对视,当形成交流视线后,治疗师需通过快乐反应给予抚爱,利用触觉增强患儿安全感。针对已有一定语言交流能力(单词阶段)的患儿,可根据患儿爱好开展交换游戏活动,将吃、玩等需求融入游戏内。(2)语言训练:与患儿建立沟通意愿后,需开展语言训练,首先是简单模仿,如模仿欢迎、再见等场景;其次,指导患儿熟悉周围环境,如周围事物、人等。当患儿能准确指认后,再指导发音与表达,可根据患儿语言能力改善情况逐渐扩充名词。(3)听觉训练:首先,治疗师指导患儿听音量、频率以及音质不同的声音,每播放2~3 s后,再次重复播放,使其感受到声音存在。然后,将声源隐藏起来,只播放声音,要求患儿寻找声源。(4)视觉训练:在训练初期,治疗师使用亮度较强或色彩鲜明的玩具吸引患儿注意力,并慢慢移动玩具,观察患儿对玩具的注视情况。(5)记忆力训练:首先,在初期训练时,治疗师可选择常见生活用品或患儿熟悉家属进行训练,其记忆内容越详细,说明记忆力改善情况越好。随后可逐渐扩展训练内容,并重复训练,加深记忆。(6)肢体功能训练:若患儿尚不具备抓握意识,治疗师可通过摇晃玩具吸引其注意,当具备抓握意识后,需将玩具放在显眼位置,诱导患儿拿取,训练位置取物能力。如患儿能完成对指捏动作,治疗师可对其进行拧毛巾、串珠子等训练。
1.4 观察指标
1.4.1 DQ评分:由治疗师进行评定,评估过程中遵循一人一室原则,为患儿提供良好环境,包括大运动、精细运动、社交、语言4个项目,各项总分为100分。
1.4.2 WISC评分:内容有操作智商、语言智商以及全智商。临界:71~89分;轻度迟缓:50~70分;中度迟缓:35~49分;重度迟缓:35分以下。
1.5 统计学方法 运用SPSS 20.0统计学软件处理数据,计量资料用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,行t检验,计数资料以率(%)表示,行χ2检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 2组DQ评分比较 如表1所示,干预后2组社交、语言、大运动及精细运动评分均有显著改善,干预前后对比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。B组干预后各项评分均高于A组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。
2.2 2组WISC评分对比 如表2所示,干预后2组语言、操作与全智商评分均显著提高,干预前后对比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。B组干预后WISC评分均高于A组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。
2.3 2组发育迟缓情况比较 如表3所示,A组干预前以中度精神发育障碍患者居多,干预后以轻度居多。B组干预前以中度居多,干预后以临界居多。B组干预后的临界患儿多于A组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。
表1 2组DQ评分对比 (x±s,分)
Table 1 Comparison of DQ scores of two groups (x±s,score)
组别 社交   语言   精细运动   大运动
干预前 干预后   干预前 干预后   干预前 干预后   干预前 干预后
A组 51.34±11.46 72.13±11.35   53.35±10.82 75.46±13.03   50.09±14.65 71.36±13.92   53.83±11.46 74.24±14.32
B组 50.82±10.89 83.72±10.96   52.46±10.04 85.12±12.14   51.92±13.22 81.13±12.19   54.32±10.07 86.46±12.05
t 0.237 5.297   0.435 3.911   0.669 3.808   0.232 4.708
P 0.813 0.000   0.665 0.000   0.505 0.000   0.817 0.000
表2 2组WISC评分比较 (x±s,分)
Table 2 Comparison  of WISC scores of two groups (x±s,score)
组别 全智商   语言智商   操作智商
干预前 干预后   干预前 干预后   干预前 干预后
A组 43.34±14.29 46.20±12.65   40.83±6.08 43.32±11.67   55.73±21.07 57.42±23.01
B组 44.92±15.32 55.89±19.21   41.34±7.46 48.45±10.86   56.43±22.14 69.76±24.21
t值 0.544 3.038   0.382 2.321   0.165 2.664
P值 0.588 0.003   0.703 0.022   0.869 0.009
表3 2组发育迟缓情况比较 [n(%)]
Table 3 Comparison  of stunting of two groups [n(%)]
组别 临界   轻度   中度   重度
干预前 干预后   干预前 干预后   干预前 干预后   干预前 干预后
A组 0 5(9.62)   24(46.15) 29(55.77)   26(50.00) 17(32.69)   2(3.85) 1(1.92)
B组 0 25(48.08)   23(44.23) 14(26.92)   25(48.08) 12(23.08)   4(7.69) 1(1.92)
χ2值   18.739   0.039 8.921   0.039 1.195   0.708 0.000
P   0.000   0.844 0.003   0.844 0.274   0.400 1.000
3 讨论
    儿童精神发育迟缓属于小儿发育性残疾中的一种类型,具有预后不确定、发育落后等特征,对这类患儿需引起重视,若预后不良,则会影响其成长发育。研究表明[21-30],在儿童残疾中,智力残疾所占比例高达45.7%,由此可见,儿童精神发育迟缓发生率较高。幼儿大脑组织可塑性非常强,如果能尽早确诊患儿病情,临床可通过多种训练方式,改善患儿发育状况,促进智力恢复[31-40]
    儿童精神发育迟缓症状包括小儿社会适应能力、语言、运动等多个方面发育不良,常规疗法主要有物理疗法、运动训练等,其中运动训练有站立、抬头等训练,有利于建立患儿运动意识与习惯[41-50]。物理疗法是利用脑循环治疗仪对小脑顶核形成刺激,从而改善患儿大脑血流量,使脑部供血状态改善[51-58]。然而,单纯给予上述治疗,仍未取得理想疗效,为了提升疗效,在患儿接受各种治疗同时,临床还要通过多种辅助训练,培养患儿各方面能力[59-65]
    小儿认知功能是指其手眼协调、摆弄物体的能力,对发育迟缓患儿而言,反应相对较迟钝,因此,治疗师要根据患儿具体病情对训练课程进行设置,主要给予手功能以及交流训练[66-67]。对于年龄不满1岁的患儿,主要以培养其观察力、感知能力为主,1~3岁患儿则更要注重语言训练、动手、记忆能力[22-25]。为了增强训练趣味性,提高患儿配合度,治疗师要将训练课程以游戏方式进行。通过给予早期认知、语言能力训练干预,能提升患儿智力,促进其运动功能、感官功能的健康发展。
    国内外研究表明[26-28],在常规治疗基础上对患儿进行认知、语言等训练后,智力显著改善,与本研究一致。幼儿脑发育具有可塑性,针对精神发育迟缓病例,临床进行常规干预时,还要注重语言与认知训练,促使患儿各方面能力提升。尽早介入各项训练,更有利于充分发挥大脑重组能力的作用。
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(收稿2017-03-09 修回2018-06-02)
本文引用信息:王新荣,曹广志,韩艳梅.早期认知语言康复干预对精神发育迟缓儿童的影响[J].中国实用神经疾病杂志,2018,21(18):2012-2017.DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2018.18.444

Reference information:WANG Xinrong,CAO Guangzhi,HAN Yanmei.Effects of early cognition and language rehabilitations intervention on children with mental retardation[J].Chinese Journal of Practical Nervous Diseases,2018,21(18):2012-2017.DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2018.18.444. 

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