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经皮神经电刺激治疗跟痛症的临床研究

作者 / Author:樊燕鸽 鲁稳梁 马 莉 王志涛 董铁立

摘要 / Abstract:

目的 探讨经皮神经电刺激(TENS)治疗跟痛症的临床疗效。方法 将70例跟痛症患者随机分为对照组和治疗组,对照组采用牵伸锻炼,治疗组在对照组的基础上采用TENS治疗,分别于治疗前、治疗后1周、1个月和3个月时采用视觉模拟评法分(VAS)对晨起第一步和一天中最痛时进行疼痛程度评定。结果 治疗后1周、1个月、3个月时,2组晨起VAS评分和最痛VAS评分均较治疗前明显降低,治疗组降低更为显著;治疗组在治疗后各时间点的晨起VAS评分和最痛VAS评分均低于对照组。结论 经皮神经电刺激治疗跟痛症疗效确切,优于

关键词 / KeyWords:

跟痛症,疼痛,经皮神经电刺激,牵伸锻炼,足底跖腱膜,生物力学失衡

经皮神经电刺激治疗跟痛症的临床研究

樊燕鸽  鲁稳梁  马  莉  王志涛  董铁立
郑州大学第二附属医院,河南 郑州 450014
作者简介:樊燕鸽,Email:luwenliang1005@163.com
【摘要】  目的  探讨经皮神经电刺激(TENS)治疗跟痛症的临床疗效。方法  将70例跟痛症患者随机分为对照组和治疗组,对照组采用牵伸锻炼,治疗组在对照组的基础上采用TENS治疗,分别于治疗前、治疗后1周、1个月和3个月时采用视觉模拟评法分(VAS)对晨起第一步和一天中最痛时进行疼痛程度评定。结果  治疗后1周、1个月、3个月时,2组晨起VAS评分和最痛VAS评分均较治疗前明显降低,治疗组降低更为显著;治疗组在治疗后各时间点的晨起VAS评分和最痛VAS评分均低于对照组。结论  经皮神经电刺激治疗跟痛症疗效确切,优于单纯应用牵伸锻炼。
【关键词】  跟痛症;疼痛;经皮神经电刺激;牵伸锻炼;足底跖腱膜;生物力学失衡
【中图分类号】  R454.1    【文献标识码】  A    【文章编号】  1673-5110(2018)19-2184-06  DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2018.19.473
Clinical study on transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation(TENS) in the treatment of calcaneodynia
FAN YangeLU WenliangMA LiWANG ZhitaoDONG Tieli
The Second AffiliatedHospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450014,China
Abstract】  Objective  To investigate the clinical efficacy of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) in the treatment of heel pain.Methods  Seventy patients with hepatic pain were randomly divided into control group and treatment group.The control group was treated with stretching.The treatment group was treated with TENS on the basis of the control group.Before treatment,1 week after treatment and 1 month and 3 months after treatment,visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to assess the pain level in the first morning of the morning and the most painful day.Results  At 1 week,1 month and 3 months after treatment,the VAS score and the most painful VAS score of the morning group were significantly lower than those before treatment,and the treatment group was more significant.At each time after treatment,the VAS score and the most painful VAS score in the treatment group were lower than those of the control group.Conclusion  Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation is effective in the treatment of heel pain,which is better than the simple application of stretching exercise.
Key words】  Heel pain;Pain;Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation;Stretching exercise;Plantar aponeurosis;Biomechanical imbalance
      跟痛症是中老年人常见的足部疼痛性疾病,临床表现为晨起足底部的疼痛,行走数步后减轻,但随着行走增加或久站疼痛又会加剧[1]。引起跟痛的原因很多,目前多认为与足底跖腱膜的生物力学失衡有关。研究发现,腓肠肌的持续紧张挛缩是造成跖腱膜力学失衡的重要原因[2]。而经皮神经电刺激(transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation,TENS)是将低频脉冲直流电作用于皮肤表面,通过刺激皮下的神经纤维起到放松肌肉、缓解痉挛的作用[3-9]。一些针对跖腱膜和腓肠肌的治疗也有不少报道,包括牵伸疗法、腓肠肌脉冲射频、冲击波等[10-12]。本研究中,针对腓肠肌和跖腱膜的经皮神经电刺激治疗也取得很好效果。
 
1  对象与方法
11  对象与分组  选取2017-05—12在郑州大学第二附属医院疼痛科门诊治疗的70例跟痛症患者为研究对象。 纳入标准:患侧足跟部跟骨结节前缘内侧压痛明显,并因此行走疼痛;签署知情同意书并自愿接受治疗。排除外伤、痛风、跟骨骨髓炎、跟骨结核、无菌性坏死等明显原因所致足跟痛者。按照随机数字法分为治疗组和对照组,每组35例。2组年龄、性别、患侧侧别、病程等一般资料比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。见表1。
12  治疗方法  对照组:①跖腱膜牵伸:取坐位,患足置于健侧大腿上,患侧手握住患足前部用力向胫骨前方牵拉;②跟腱牵伸:取坐位,患侧大腿伸直,用长条毛巾勾住患足前脚掌,双手握毛巾两端向躯干用力牵拉,使小腿后方肌肉绷紧。每个动作保持30 s,重复5次为1组,每日上午、下午各做3组,共4周。
      治疗组:在牵伸锻炼的基础上加用经皮神经电刺激治疗(TENS)。采用日产21型经皮电刺激仪,频率2~10 Hz,体表电极置于患侧小腿后方及足底部。每次持续15~20 min,每日上午、下午各1次,共治疗4周。
13  评定方法  分别于治疗前、治疗后1周、1个月和3个月时采用目测类比法(visual analogue score,VAS)对2组患者晨起第一步和一天中最痛时进行评分。VAS评分:患者根据自身疼痛程度评分,0分为无痛,10分为最痛。
14  统计学方法  采用SPSS 17.0统计软件分析数据,计量资料以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,组内治疗前后比较采用配对t检验,组间比较独立样本t检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2  结果
      治疗前2组晨起VAS评分和最痛VAS评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗后1周、1个月、3个月时,2组晨起VAS评分和最痛VAS评分均较治疗前明显降低(P<0.05),治疗组降低更为显著;治疗组治疗后各时间点的晨起VAS评分和最痛VAS评分均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表2。
 
表1  2组一般资料比较
Table 1  Comparison of general information of 2 groups 
组别 n 性别 年龄 侧别 病程
男  女 (岁,x±s) 左侧  右侧 (月,x±s)
治疗组 35 16    19 57.3±4.6 18      17 2.6±0.7
对照组 35 15    20 58.2±4.8 16      19 2.7±0.9
表2  2组不同治疗时间点的晨起评分与最痛评分比较  (x±s,分)
Table 2  Comparison of the morning and the most pain scores of the two groups at different treatment time points  (x±s,scores)
组别 n 晨起评分 最痛评分
对照组      
  治疗前 35 4.86±1.21 6.23±0.77
  治疗后1 35 3.37±1.08a 5.26±0.80a
  治疗后1个月 35 3.39±1.01a 3.31±1.01a
  治疗后3个月 35 3.80±1.10a 3.23±0.99b
治疗组      
  治疗前 35 4.65±1.18 6.27±0.86
  治疗后1 35 2.03±1.08ab 4.14±0.92ab
  治疗后1个月 35 2.38±1.10ab 2.57±0.91ab
  治疗后3个月 35 2.46±0.87ab 2.33±1.01ab
              注:与组内治疗前比较,aP<0.05;与对照组同时间点比较,bP<0.05
 
3  讨论
      临床上跟痛症非常多见,治疗方法很多,包括针灸[13]、局部封闭[14-15]、超声波[16-18]、冲击波[19-21]、肌内效贴、银质针[22]、射频等[23]。关于经皮神经电刺激(TENS)治疗跟痛症尚未见到报道。目前普遍认为,跟痛症的发生与跖筋膜的生物力学失衡关系密切[24-27]。根据解剖列车的理论[28],跖腱膜参与构成背侧体表筋膜链的一部分,而跖腱膜的生物力学平衡与小腿三头肌有关。有文献报道指出,跟痛症患者存在腓肠肌的缩短、增粗、紧张,并经手术证实[29-40]。事实上,除跟骨结节前缘内侧的阳性压痛点外,跟痛症患者的患侧小腿后方常会伴敏感的压痛,肌张力增高[41-48]。对此,针对肌肉及腱膜的治疗较经典的方法是牵伸训练。通过牵伸训练可使跟腱和跖腱膜的柔韧性增加,踝关节屈伸的活动度增加,跖腱膜承受的牵拉力减低,从而减轻疼痛[49-62]。因此,本研究对照组对小腿后方与跖腱膜单用牵伸锻炼这一方法,在治疗后不同时期均有一定程度的改善。
      TENS是低频电疗的典型方法[63],其刺激痉挛肌肉抑制痉挛的机制尚不完全明确,目前认为可能与突触的抑制作用有关[64-67]。TENS可激活支配痉挛肌肉的神经元,兴奋传入脊髓后激活中枢神经元,该神经元抑制了支配痉挛肌群的α运动神经元,从而缓解肌肉的痉挛[68-71]。另外,TENS也可通过兴奋粗纤维,激活脊髓后角的胶质细胞,抑制同节段细纤维传入的伤害感受信号及脊髓背角投射神经细胞的兴奋发挥镇痛作用[72-73]。镇痛作用也可能与TENS可使中枢释放大量的内源性阿片肽等镇痛物质有关。本研究治疗组采用TENS治疗晨起第一步VAS评分与最痛VAS评分均低于对照组,表明TENS对跟痛症有确切的治疗作用。不足的是,本研究仅采用VAS评分这一主观指标,缺乏超声观察跖腱膜厚度变化等客观指标。另外,随访时间短,远期效果还不能确定。
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(收稿2018-08-20  修回2018-09-30)
本文责编:夏保军
本文引用信息:樊燕鸽,鲁稳梁,马莉,王志涛,董铁立.经皮神经电刺激治疗跟痛症的临床研究[J].中国实用神经疾病杂志,2018,21(19):2184-2189.DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2018.19.473
Reference information:FAN Yange,LU Wenliang,MA Li,WANG Zhitao,DONG Tieli.Clinical study on transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation(TENS) in the treatment of calcaneodynia[J].Chinese Journal of Practical Nervous Diseases,2018,21(19):2184-2189.DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2018.19.473

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