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无创颅内压监测在重症颅脑损伤术后患者中的临床观察

作者 / Author:朱向娜 王聪梅 陈清亮 刘瑞芳

摘要 / Abstract:

目的 探讨无创动态颅内压监测在重症颅脑损伤术后患者中的临床应用价值。方法 选取重症颅脑损伤行手术治疗后入住重症监护中心60例患者,其中30例行无创性动态颅内压监测为观察组,30例行有创性动态颅内压监测为对照组,对比分析2组临床疗效、脱水剂用量及应用时间。结果 2组在临床疗效比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),观察组脱水剂应用时间和剂量均少于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 无创性颅内压检测仪可有效反映颅内压的变化,在指导重症颅脑损伤术后治疗有重要价值。

关键词 / KeyWords:

重症颅脑损伤,开颅术,有创动态颅内压监测,无创颅内压监测,脱水剂

无创颅内压监测在重症颅脑损伤术后患者中的临床观察

朱向娜  王聪梅  陈清亮  刘瑞芳
河南省直第三人民医院重症医学科,河南 郑州 450006
基金项目:河南省医学科技攻关计划项目(编号:201503219)
作者简介:朱向娜,Email:771556573@qq.com
通信作者:刘瑞芳,Email:liurf2009@126.com
摘要  目的  探讨无创动态颅内压监测在重症颅脑损伤术后患者中的临床应用价值。方法  选取重症颅脑损伤行手术治疗后入住重症监护中心60例患者,其中30例行无创性动态颅内压监测为观察组,30例行有创性动态颅内压监测为对照组,对比分析2组临床疗效、脱水剂用量及应用时间。结果  2组在临床疗效比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),观察组脱水剂应用时间和剂量均少于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论  无创性颅内压检测仪可有效反映颅内压的变化,在指导重症颅脑损伤术后治疗有重要价值。
关键词】  重症颅脑损伤;开颅术;有创动态颅内压监测;无创颅内压监测;脱水剂
中图分类号】  R651.11    【文献标识码】  A    【文章编号】  1673-5110(2018)20-2270-04  DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2018.20.489
Clinical observation of non-invasive intracranial pressure monitoring in postoperative patients with severe craniocerebral injury
ZHU XiangnaWANG CongmeiCHEN QingliangLIU Ruifang
Department of Critical Care Medicinethe Third People's Provincial Hospital of Henan ProvinceZhengzhou 450006,China
Abstract  Objective  To explore the application value of non-invasive dynamic intracranial pressure monitoring in postoperative patients with severe craniocerebral injury.Methods  60 postoperative patients in intensive care unit with severe craniocerebral injury were studied retrospectively.The observation group were 30 cases with non-invasive dynamic intracranial pressure monitoring,while the control group were 30 cases undergoing invasive dynamic intracranial pressure monitoring.The clinical efficacy,dosage and application time of dehydrating agent in two groups were compared and analyzed.Results  There was no statistically significant difference in clinical efficacy between the two groups(P>0.05).Compared with the control group,the dosage and application time of dehydrating agent in observation group were decreased,the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).Conclusion  The non-invasive intracranial pressure detector can effectively reflect the changes of intracranial pressure and is of great significance in guiding the treatment of postoperative patients with severe craniocerebral injury.
Key words】  Severe craniocerebral injury;Open-brain surgery;Invasive dynamic intracranial pressure monitoring;Non-invasive intracranial pressure monitoring;Dehydrating agent
        创伤性颅脑损伤患者临床多见,多由坠落、冲撞、交通事故等伤害所致,是造成青壮年人群致死致残的重要原因[1-2]。重症颅脑损伤外科治疗术后常并发颅内压增高,也是造成病情预后不良的主要因素[3-4]。术后能动态监控颅内压的变化,并根据颅内压的情况采取恰当的降颅内压的措施,对缩短病程和改善预后方面有重要的价值[5]。有创性颅内压监测临床常用,但因其操作技术复杂,并发症多而降低了其在临床方面的应用价值[6]。近年来,无创性颅内压监测技术趋于成熟,相关设备操作简便,临床应用也越来越广泛,取得较好的临床效果[7]。本文对重症颅脑损伤术后采用有创性和无创性颅内压监测的病例进行回顾性对比分析,探讨无创性颅内压检测仪的临床应用价值。
1  资料与方法
1.1  一般资料  选择河南省直第三人民医院2015-06—2017-09收治的重症颅脑损伤行手术治疗60例患者,术后采用动态颅内压监测,随访超过6个月。其中30例采用术中留置导管的有创颅内压监测(对照组),包括外伤性脑挫裂伤所致颅内血肿12例,硬膜下血肿8例,硬膜外血肿6例,弥漫轴索损伤4例,男24例,女6例,年龄19~75(51±4.3)岁。采用无创动态颅内压监测30例(观察组),其中脑挫裂伤性颅内血肿13例,硬膜下血肿9例,硬膜外血肿7例,弥漫轴索损伤1例,男21例,女9例,年龄27~65(47±5.3)岁。2组一般资料比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。
1.2  方法  有创性动态血压监测采用强生公司Comdman ICP Monitoring System光导纤维颅内压监测仪,颅脑手术中把将导管置入侧脑室前角内或者采用脑实质内置管,进行持续的颅内压监测,每30 min记录1次监测值,颅内压<15 mmHg为正常,>20 mmHg为异常,使用脱水剂降颅内压,颅内压>40 mmHg监测时间一般为颅内压监测数值稳定在正常值3 d后,或出现死亡或放弃治疗时终止。无创动态颅内压监测采用重庆名希医疗器械有限公司的MICP-KZ20A颅内压无创检测分析仪进行监测,颅内压监测值稳定在正常值7 d或者患者出现死亡或放弃治疗时终止。根据病情变化及时复查颅脑CT,除外再次出血的情况,根据颅内压监测数值的情况并及时调整脱水剂的剂量。
1.3  观察指标  2组随访时间均>6个月,对比2组临床疗效、术后并发症及脱水剂应用时间和剂量。格拉斯哥(GOS)预后评分:5分:恢复良好,尽管有轻度缺陷,但恢复到正常生活状态。4分:轻度残疾,可以独立生活或者在协助状态下进行工作。3分:重度残疾,有残疾,但头脑清醒,生活需要照料。2分:植物人状态,仅存最小的神经反应。1分:患者死亡。
1.4  统计学处理  2组的结果统计学处理全部采用SPSS 10.0统计软件包完成。计量资料以均数±平方差(x±s)表示,配对t检验,计数资料以率(%)表示,采用卡方检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2  结果
2.1  2组临床疗效比较  观察组良好10例,轻度残疾8例,重度残疾10例,植物生存1例,死亡1例。对照组良好9例,轻度残疾12例,重度残疾7例,死亡2例。2组临床疗效比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。观察组1例死亡,原因为再次出血;对照组颅内感染2例,其中1例颅内感染致脑组织坏死,另外1例死于术后再次出血。
2.2  2组脱水剂应用时间与剂量比较  观察组脱水剂应用时间与剂量均少于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表1。
表1  2组脱水剂应用时间与剂量比较  (x±s)
Table 1  Comparison of application time and dose of dehydrating agents of 2 groups
组别 n 脱水剂应用时间 (d) 脱水剂应用剂量(g)
观察组 28 7.0±1.5 850±80
对照组 30 10.0±2.0 1 250±125
t   3.71 4.62
P   <0.05 <0.05
3  讨论
        重症颅脑损伤外科手术后颅内压增高临床常见[8]。外伤或者血肿造成的脑水肿在手术清除血肿后会逐渐加重,而持续的高颅压状态会导致脑组织血流量降低[9],脑组织缺氧后会进一步加重脑水肿,引起脑组织移位直至脑疝形成,如不能及时发现并采取有效措施降低颅内压,会严重影响患者病情的发展以及预后,甚至会导致死亡情况的发生[10]。因此,重症颅脑损伤患者术后能够精确连续地监测患者颅内压的变化,对于诊断病情,指导脱水剂的应用,抢救患者生命以及判断患者的预后方面都有至关重要的作用[11-12]。临床常用的有创颅内压监测方式为在脑外手术中,或者专门颅骨钻孔的方式将监测仪探头置于硬膜下、脑室或者脑实质内,直接监测颅内压的变化,从而达到判断脑水肿情况[13]。也有学者对技术的应用提出了不同的意见,认为该监测模式增加了颅内创伤机会[14-15],操作技术复杂,还容易发生颅内感染、脑脊液漏以及出血等并发症[16],从而限制了其在临床方面的应用[17]
        近年来国内外学者对无创性颅内压监测方式进行了广泛的研究[18]。根据经颅多普勒、闪光视觉诱发电位、骨膜移位法、前囟测压法等原理研制出来的无创性颅内压检测仪逐步应用于临床[19]:(1)经颅多普勒法监测颅内压变化能动态反应脑血流变化,观察自身调节机制是否完善,但容易受脑血管痉挛、脑血管扩张等多种因素影响[20-22];(2)闪光视觉诱发电位法对判断颅内高压患者的预后和脑死亡有独特的优势,但严重视力障碍、眼底出血、颅内占位性病变压迫视觉通路等情况下,该方法对颅内压的反应将受到影响[23-24];(3)骨膜移位法在一定条件下能够准确反应低颅内压,这是该法的特有优势,但受试者必须满足多重条件,如中耳压力正常,耳迷路导管开放等[25-26];(4)前囟测压法适用于新生儿和婴儿[27-29]。这些方法均需要较多的临床实践来进一步证明该类设备对诊断颅内压升高的灵敏性、稳定性、安全性和有效性[30-31]
        本研究尚有不足之处,研究入组病例数量不足,对象较为局限,均为重症颅脑损伤患者,可能对实验数据产生影响;无创颅内压监测的方法较单一,均为闪光视觉诱发电位法,缺乏多种无创颅内压监测方法间的对比。
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(收稿2017-05-17  修回2018-09-16)
本文责编:张喜民
本文引用信息:朱向娜,王聪梅,陈清亮,刘瑞芳.无创颅内压监测在重症颅脑损伤术后患者中的临床观察[J].中国实用神经疾病杂志,2018,21(20):2270-2273.DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2018.20.489
Reference information:ZHU Xiangna,WANG Congmei,CHEN Qingliang,LIU Ruifang.Clinical observation of non-invasive intracranial pressure monitoring in postoperative patients with severe craniocerebral injury[J].Chinese Journal of Practical Nervous Diseases,2018,21(20):2270-2273.DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2018.20.489

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