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手术室保温护理对颅脑手术患者术中应激反应及满意度的影响

作者 / Author:朱丽花

摘要 / Abstract:

目的 研究手术室保温护理干预对颅脑手术患者术中应激反应与满意度的影响。方法 选取2015-10-2016-12义马煤业集团公司总医院收治的62例颅脑手术病例,分为研究组(n=31)与对照组(n=31),对照组采取常规护理措施,研究组在此基础上采取保温干预法,对比2组术中应激反应情况、术后不良反应与护理满意度。结果 术后2组HR、E、AD、CRP、NE水平均有所降低,研究组HR(68.27±5.06)次/min,E(0.03±0.01)μg/mL,AD(101.57±22.24)pmol/L,CRP(84.65±13.24)ng/L,NE(158.19±30.85)pmol/L,分别低于对照组的HR(78.54±4.92)次/min、E(0.10±0.02)μg/mL、AD(182.95±24.61)pmol/L、CRP(107.93±2.64)ng/L、NE(170.86±34.29)pmol/L(P<0.05);研究组手术部位感染率、高血压发生率及心律失常率均明显低于对照组(3.23% vs 19.35%;0 vs 12.90%;0 vs 12.90%,P<0.05);研究组护理满意率亦明显高于对照组(96.77% vs 77.42%,P<0.05)。结论 在颅脑手术过程中采取手术室保温护理措施,可有效改善术中应激情况,减少术后不良反应,提高患者护理满意度。

关键词 / KeyWords:

颅脑手术,手术室,保温护理,应激反应,满意度
手术室保温护理对颅脑手术患者术中应激反应及满意度的影响
朱丽花
义马煤业集团公司总医院,河南 义马 472300
作者简介:朱丽花,Email:1398872599@qq.com
 
摘要  目的  研究手术室保温护理干预对颅脑手术患者术中应激反应与满意度的影响。方法  选取2015-10-2016-12义马煤业集团公司总医院收治的62例颅脑手术病例,分为研究组(n=31)与对照组(n=31),对照组采取常规护理措施,研究组在此基础上采取保温干预法,对比2组术中应激反应情况、术后不良反应与护理满意度。结果  术后2组HR、E、AD、CRP、NE水平均有所降低,研究组HR(68.27±5.06)次/min,E(0.03±0.01)μg/mL,AD(101.57±22.24)pmol/L,CRP(84.65±13.24)ng/L,NE(158.19±30.85)pmol/L,分别低于对照组的HR(78.54±4.92)次/min、E(0.10±0.02)μg/mL、AD(182.95±24.61)pmol/L、CRP(107.93±2.64)ng/L、NE(170.86±34.29)pmol/L(P<0.05);研究组手术部位感染率、高血压发生率及心律失常率均明显低于对照组(3.23% vs 19.35%;0 vs 12.90%;0 vs 12.90%,P<0.05);研究组护理满意率亦明显高于对照组(96.77% vs 77.42%,P<0.05)。结论  在颅脑手术过程中采取手术室保温护理措施,可有效改善术中应激情况,减少术后不良反应,提高患者护理满意度。
关键词】  颅脑手术;手术室;保温护理;应激反应;满意度
中图分类号】  R473.6    【文献标识码】  A    【文章编号】  1673-5110(2019)04-0443-06  DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2019.04.133
 
Effect of heat-preservation nursing in operating room on intraoperative stress response and satisfaction of patients undergoing craniocerebral operation
ZHU Lihua
General Hospital of Yima Coal Industry GroupYima 472300,China
Abstract】  Objective  To study the effect of heat-preservation nursing in operating room on intraoperative stress response and satisfaction of patients undergoing craniocerebral operation.Methods  A total of 62 patients undergoing craniocerebral operation who were admitted to the hospital during the period from October 2015 to December 2016 were enrolled in the study.According to different nursing care in the operating room,they were divided into the study group (n=31) and the control group (n=31).The control group was given conventional nursing,and on this basis,the study group was given heat-preservation nursing.The intraoperative stress response,postoperative adverse reactions and nursing satisfaction were compared between the 2 groups.Results  The levels of HR,E,AD,CRP and NE in both groups decreased after operation.The HR,E,AD,CRP and NE in study group[(68.27±5.06) beats/min,(0.03±0.01) μg/mL,(101.57±22.24) pmol/L,(84.65±13.24) ng/L,(158.19±30.85) pmol/L]were significantly lower than those in the control group[(78.54±4.92) beats/min,(0.10±0.02) μg/mL,(182.95±24.61) pmol/L,(107.93±2.64) ng/L,(170.86±34.29) pmol/L](P<0.05).The incidence rates of infection at the operative site,hypertension and abnormal HR in the study group were significantly lower than those in the control group (3.23% vs 19.35%,0.00% vs 12.90%,0.00% vs 12.90%) (P<0.05),while the satisfaction rate was significantly higher than that of the control group (96.77% vs 77.42%) (P<0.05).Conclusion  The application of heat-preservation nursing in the operating room during craniocerebral operation can effectively improve the situation of intraoperative stress,decrease postoperative adverse reactions,and improve the satisfaction of patients with nursing.
Key words】  Craniocerebral operation;Operating room;Heat-preservation nursing;Stress response;Satisfaction
 
        围手术期患者体温低于36 ℃即为体温过低,通常出现于手术麻醉中,可刺激手术患者产生一系列应激反应,增加手术部位感染等各类并发症发生率,对患者恢复极为不利[1-5]。手术室护理主要目的是利用各种优质护理对策帮助患者缓解心理负担,改善功能紊乱现象。保温护理干预能在一定程度降低手术操作对机体产生的刺激作用,维持恒定体温,在提高机体生理功能并且促进正常代谢方面发挥着重要意义[6-9]。本文以62例颅脑手术病例作为研究对象,研究手术室保温护理干预对颅脑手术患者术中应激反应与满意度产生的影响。
 
1  对象与方法
1.1  研究对象  入选标准:(1)入院前未采取任何治疗措施;(2)基础体温36~37 ℃;(3)存在手术适应征;(4)美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)临床评分等级Ⅰ~Ⅱ级[10];(5)对研究知情,签署入组同意书。排除标准:(1)伴严重心、肺、肾等其他器官功能障碍,且未产生严重高血压或糖尿病;(2)合并血液系统疾病以及严重感染;(3)代谢、循环以及呼吸等正常功能紊乱;(4)存在精神病史或神经系统疾病;(5)术前1个月接受激素或止血药治疗。
        选取2015-10-2016-12义马煤业集团公司总医院收治的62例颅脑手术病例,按照手术室护理方法分为2组。对照组男17例,女14例,年龄29~74(48.47±11.56)岁,BMI 19.45~24.07(21.48±1.59)kg/m2,ASA分级:Ⅰ级12例,Ⅱ级19例;研究组男15例,女16例,年龄27~72(48.15±11.34)岁,BMI 19.26~24.13(21.76±1.68)kg/m2,ASA分级:Ⅰ级10例,Ⅱ级21例。2组一般资料对比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。
1.2  方法  对照组颅脑手术患者在围术期接受普外科常规护理对策,主要包含有术前准备、日常饮食、体位、康复锻炼及手术治疗配合、不良反应预防以及心理护理等。研究组于其基础上提高手术室保温护理力度:(1)将患者推进手术室前0.5 h,需要对室温进行调节,温度维持在22~25 ℃,并控制湿度处于40%~60%,使患者吸入经过加温加湿氧气,采取麻醉措施及消毒皮肤过程中,应注意保暖,防止过多暴露使得体温下降,同时术中还需注意手术以外其他部位的保暖,若是冬季,应稍微增加盖被厚度,并在双下肢套上棉裤套,在躯体上覆盖T形棉被等。手术消毒过程中,调节室内温度26~28 ℃,同时尽可能减少皮肤消毒时间;完成消毒操作后,需要先给患者进行适当保暖后减小室温,提高患者舒适度[11-16]。 (2)使用恒温毯,插上恒温毯电源,将温度控制在30~41 ℃,待手术结束病人离开手术室后拔下恒温毯电源插头[17-21]。 (3)在气管导管上接一个湿热交换器,即人工鼻,从而保持呼吸道里面恒定温与合适湿度,在患者双下肢安设血液循环泵加压带以及套脚套,可促进静脉回流,达到保暖目的。 (4)手术中所使用的静脉输血、输液或冲洗液均需用电子恒温水温箱将其加温达到37 ℃,同时术野采取在温盐水里面浸泡过的浓度0.9%的NaCl注射液纱布[22-23]。所有保温措施均需维持至术后24 h,再结合患者情况进行合理调整,如果因故暂停手术,必须用温盐水浸泡过的纱布覆盖手术切口,对于出现失血性休克且体温不到36 ℃者,需要即刻复温[24-26]
1.3  观察指标  观察2组术中应激反应情况、术后不良反应与护理满意度。其中应激反应指标主要包括心率(HR)、肾上腺素(E)、肾上腺激素(AD)、C反应蛋白(CRP)以及去甲肾上腺素(NE);术后不良反应为手术部位感染、高血压、低血压、心率失常、心绞痛等[27-30]。以自拟满意度评估量表对患者护理满意情况进行调查,评分范围0~100分,其中满意:评分≥85分;基本满意:70分≤评分<85分;不满意:评分<70分[31-32]
1.4  统计学处理  将所收集到的数据均录入EXCEL,运用SPSS 19.0软件进行处理,其中计量资料以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,组间比较行t检验,计数资料以率(%)表示,行χ2检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
 
2  结果
2.1  2组术中应激反应情况比较  术前2组HR、E、AD、CRP、NE水平对比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);术后,2组HR、E、AD、CRP、NE水平有所降低,研究组HR、E、AD、CRP、NE,明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。见表1。
2.2  2组术后不良反应比较  研究组手术部位感染率、高血压发生率及心律失常率均明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。见表2。
2.3  2组护理满意度比较  研究组护理总满意率明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。见表3。
表1  2组术中应激反应情况比较  (x±s)
Table 1  Comparison of intraoperative stress response between two groups  (x±s)
组别 时间 n HR(/min) E(μg/mL) AD(pmol/L) CRP(ng/L) NE(pmol/L)
研究组 术前 31 87.69±5.84 0.14±0.03 197.84±25.95 113.56±3.46 177.41±31.28
  术后 31 68.27±5.06*# 0.03±0.01*# 101.57±22.24*# 84.65±13.24*# 158.19±30.85*#
对照组 术前 31 87.73±5.28 0.13±0.01 197.38±25.73 113.07±3.39 176.52±30.74
  术后 31 78.54±4.92* 0.10±0.02* 182.95±24.61* 107.93±2.64* 170.86±34.29
  注:与术前比较,*P<0.05;与对照组比较,#P<0.05
 
表2  2组术后不良反应比较  [n(%)]
Table 2  Comparison of postoperative adverse reactions between two groups  [n(%)]
组别 n 手术部位感染 高血压 低血压 心律失常 心绞痛
研究组 31 1(3.23) 0 0 0 0
对照组 31 6(19.35) 4(12.90) 1(3.23) 4(12.90) 1(3.23)
              注:与对照组比较,P<0.05
 
表3  2组护理满意度比较  [n(%)]
Table 3  Comparison of nursing satisfaction between two groups  [n(%)]
组别 n 满意 基本满意 不满意 总满意
研究组 31 17(54.84) 13(41.94) 1(3.23) 30(96.77)
对照组 31 10(32.26) 14(45.16) 7(22.58) 24(77.42)
              注:与对照组比较,*P<0.05
3  讨论
        颅脑手术,特别是颅脑外伤患者因病情重、发生率高,在基层相当常见,手术操作在给患者身体带来创伤性刺激的过程中,亦可诱发各种应激反应,降低麻醉效果与手术安全性,最终影响治疗效果[33-37]。因而围手术期护理特别是低体温与手术部位感染的控制对患者术后康复具有巨大意义。
        体温恒定可为维持手术患者正常代谢水平与各项生理功能奠定基础。相关研究表明,对于手术患者而言,50%~70%可出现轻度低体温现象[38-40]。低体温能引起寒战,对患者手术的有效进行及术后恢复产生影响。低体温可以促使骨骼肌出现不随意的相应节律性收缩,提高机体耗氧量,释放大量二氧化碳,提高心脏负担,出现酸中毒趋势,增加各种心脑血管疾病术后发生率[41-43]。此外,低体温亦会扰乱患者物质正常代谢,降低凝血功能,提高手术所面临的风险,对患术后恢复十分不利。低体温还可以对机体血管收缩产生影响,提升循环阻力、血液黏滞度以及交感神经张力,影响免疫反应,降低患者抗感染能力,同时减小血氧饱和度,使得组织之中氧含量降低,诱发伤口感染,延长患者住院时间[44-46]。手术室保温护理主要指采取各种保温措施,将患者体温维持于一个合理范围之内,尽量减少术中因为外界环境、液体温度较低以及其他因素等造成的热能损耗,从而为手术效果带来一定保障[47-52]
        本研究显示,研究组术后HR、E、AD、CRP及NE水平明显低于对照组,与研究[53-58]结论一致,说明手术室保温护理干预可有效降低颅脑手术患者术中应激反应。本研究还显示,研究组手术部位感染率、高血压发生率及心率失常率明显低于对照组,与研究[59-65]结论一致,说明对颅脑手术患者采取手术室保温护理措施,能显著改善术后各种心脑血管及感染症状发生情况。此外,研究组护理满意度明显高于对照组,说明手术室保温护理能优化护理干预质量,获得良好干预效果。
 
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(收稿2018-08-12)
本文责编:张喜民
本文引用信息:朱丽花.手术室保温护理对颅脑手术患者术中应激反应及满意度的影响[J].中国实用神经疾病杂志,2019,22(4):443-448.DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2019.04.133
Reference information:ZHU Lihua.Effect of heat-preservation nursing in operating room on intraoperative stress response and satisfaction of patients undergoing craniocerebral operation[J].Chinese Journal of Practical Nervous Diseases,2019,22(4):443-448.DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2019.04.133
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