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立体定向血肿抽吸术联合阿托伐他汀治疗自发性脑出血的疗效观察

作者 / Author:廖洪民 王 勇 黄建军 朱家伟 郑 远

摘要 / Abstract:

目的 观察立体定向血肿抽吸术联合阿托伐他汀治疗自发性脑出血患者的疗效。方法 回顾分析2015-01—2018-03贵州航天医院收治的出血量30~40 mL基底节区出血患者60例,随机分为对照组和观察组各30例,对照组早期接受立体定向血肿抽吸术及常规内科治疗,观察组除接受相同手术及内科治疗外,早期口服或鼻饲阿托伐他汀治疗(20 mg/次,1次/d,持续28 d)。采用美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评定2组治疗后14 d和30 d的神经功能状态,采用改良Rankin分级量表(mRS)评估患者治疗后90 d预后情况;比较2组患者术后90 d神经功能恢复良好率。结果 2组患者治疗后14 d、30 d NIHSS评分及30 d内再出血发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后90 d观察组 mRS评分及恢复良好率均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 基底节区出血量30~40 mL的患者采用立体定向血肿抽吸术联合常规剂量阿托伐他汀治疗安全有效且有更好的远期效果。

关键词 / KeyWords:

脑出血,自发性,立体定向抽吸术,阿托伐他汀,再出血率
立体定向血肿抽吸术联合阿托伐他汀治疗自发性脑出血的疗效观察
廖洪民  王  勇  黄建军  朱家伟  郑  远
贵州航天医院神经外科,贵州 遵义 563003
基金项目:中国航天科工集团医疗卫生科研项目(编号:2017-LCYL-020)
作者简介:廖洪民,Email:liaohongmin@qq.com
 
摘要】  目的  观察立体定向血肿抽吸术联合阿托伐他汀治疗自发性脑出血患者的疗效。方法  回顾分析2015-01—2018-03贵州航天医院收治的出血量30~40 mL基底节区出血患者60例,随机分为对照组和观察组各30例,对照组早期接受立体定向血肿抽吸术及常规内科治疗,观察组除接受相同手术及内科治疗外,早期口服或鼻饲阿托伐他汀治疗(20 mg/次,1次/d,持续28 d)。采用美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评定2组治疗后14 d和30 d的神经功能状态,采用改良Rankin分级量表(mRS)评估患者治疗后90 d预后情况;比较2组患者术后90 d神经功能恢复良好率。结果  2组患者治疗后14 d、30 d NIHSS评分及30 d内再出血发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后90 d观察组 mRS评分及恢复良好率均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论  基底节区出血量30~40 mL的患者采用立体定向血肿抽吸术联合常规剂量阿托伐他汀治疗安全有效且有更好的远期效果。
关键词】  脑出血;自发性;立体定向抽吸术;阿托伐他汀;再出血率
中图分类号】  R743.34    【文献标识码】  A    【文章编号】  1673-5110(2019)01-0060-04  DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2019.01.012
 
Therapeutic effect of stereotactic hematoma aspiration combined with atorvastatin in the treatment of spontaneous cerebral hemorrhage
LIAO HongminWANG YongHUANG JianjunZHU JiaweiZHENG Yuan
Department of NeurosurgeryGuizhou Aerospace HospitalZunyi 563003,China
Abstract】  Objective  To observe the effect of stereotactic hematoma aspiration combined with atorvastatin in patients with spontaneous cerebral hemorrhage.Methods  Retrospective analysis of 60 patients with basal ganglia hemorrhage from 30 to 40 mL in our hospital from January 2015 to March 2018,randomly divided into control group and observation group,30 cases in each group.The control group received stereotactic hematoma aspiration in the early stage.For routine medical treatment,the observation group received oral or nasal atorvastatin (20 mg/time,once/d for 28 days) in addition to the same surgery and medical treatment.The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) was used to assess the neurological status of the two groups at 14 and 30 days after treatment,and the modified Rankin Rating Scale (mRS) was used to assess the prognosis of the patients at 90 days after treatment;the neurological function recovered well at 90 days after surgery.Results  There was no significant difference in NIHSS score at 14 and 30 days after treatment and the incidence of rebleeding within 30 days after treatment between the two groups (P>0.05).The mRS scores and recovery rate of the observation group were higher than those of the control group at 90 days after treatment,and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).Conclusion  Patients with blepharospasm 30-40 mL were treated with stereotactic hematoma aspiration combined with conventional doses of atorvastatin for safe and has a better long-term effect.
Key words】  Intracerebral hemorrhage;Spontaneous;Stereotactic aspiration;Atorvastatin;Curative effect;Rebleed rate
 
        当前,多种微创治疗手段在清除脑内血肿方面取得较满意的结果,但脑出血患者的预后仍未能显著改善,针对出血后继发性脑损伤尚缺乏有效的方法。近年来,他汀药物在缺血性脑卒中的一级和二级预防中发挥了重要作用,已证实具有神经保护作用,但他汀药物是否影响脑出血的预后仍有争议。本研究对早期行立体定向血肿清除术的基底节区出血患者给予常规剂量阿托伐他汀治疗,探讨其对患者神经功能及预后的影响。
 
1  资料与方法
1.1  一般资料  本次研究纳入60例基底节区出血患者,采用随机数表法分为对照组和观察组各30例,2组患者的性别、年龄、脑内血肿量、治疗前NIHSS评分以及术后拔除引流管时残余血肿量比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表1。
纳入标准:(1)年龄40~65岁,既往有高血压史或发病时血压异常增高;(2)患者发病12 h内入院,病情趋于稳定,无脑疝表现,格拉斯哥昏迷评分≥9分;(3)颅脑CT确诊为基底节区出血,血肿量30~40 mL,脑室内无积血铸型;(4)患者有明显神经功能障碍,偏瘫肢体肌力≤2级;(5)发病前无他汀药物治疗史;(6)患者与其家属同意治疗方案。
        排除标准:(1)患者合并心、肺等重要脏器严重疾病或恶性肿瘤;(2)抗栓药物相关性脑出血以及其他脑血管疾病、脑肿瘤、创伤等引起的脑出血;(3)有凝血功能障碍或血液系统疾病患者;(4)治疗期内因各种原因放弃、中断治疗者。
1.2  治疗方法  2组手术均在发病后6~24 h内施行。对照组为立体定向手术及常规药物治疗组。患者头皮局部麻醉后,安装立体定向头架(深圳安科ASA-602S型),进行CT扫描并将影像数据导入手术计划系统,选取血肿最大层面的中心或偏后1~2 cm处为穿刺靶点,确定靶点三维坐标值及穿刺角度,据此调整导向器。额部或颞部头皮小切口,颅骨钻孔后,穿刺针在导向器引导下穿刺血肿靶点,注射器低负压缓慢抽吸血肿,若血肿较硬韧则改用血肿排空器碎吸血肿,抽出血肿量控制在总量的60%~70%即可,血肿残腔内置入F12硅胶引流管,缝合切口并固定引流管。术后24 h内复查CT,依据残余血肿量将2万~3万U尿激酶用生理盐水稀释后经引流管注入血肿腔,夹管2 h 后开放,2次/d。复查CT显示血肿清除量超过总量的90%即可拔除引流管,通常需引流2~3 d,术后常规内科药物治疗。观察组除接受上述治疗外,术后第1天开始口服或胃管鼻饲阿托伐他汀(辉瑞制药有限公司)治疗,20 mg/次,1次/d,持续28 d。
1.3  评价指标  (1) 采用美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(National Institutes of Health stroke scale,NIHSS)评定2组治疗前及治疗后14 d、30 d 神经功能缺损程度;(2)采用改良Rankin量表(modified Rankin scale,mRS)评定治疗后90 d 2组预后情况,并比较各组功能恢复良好率(mRS≤3级为恢复良好);(3)比较2组治疗30 d内再出血发生率。
1.4  统计学分析  采用SPSS 19.0软件进行统计学分析,计数资料以例数或百分数表示,比较采用χ2检验及Fisher精确概率法;计量资料以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,采用t检验,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
表1  2组基线资料比较
Table 1  Comparison of baseline data between the two groups 
组别 n 性别 年龄/岁 出血量(mL) 术前NIHSS评分 残余血肿量(mL)
对照组 30 21 9 54.27±5.77 34.07±2.43 19.16±2.57 3.17±0.78
观察组 30 23 7 53.97±5.65 35.21±2.29 20.03±2.54 3.36±0.85
t/χ2   0.341 0.204 1.858 1.313 0.915
P   0.559 0.839 0.068 0.194 0.364
 
2  结果
        2组患者治疗前后NIHSS及mRS评分比较见表2。观察组治疗后14 d、30 d NIHSS评分均低于对照组,但差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。2组30 d内各发生再出血1例,均为少量出血,再出血率差异无统计学意义。随访90 d后观察组患者mRS评分明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2组治疗后90 d神经功能恢复良好率比较,对照组为 46.7%(14/30),观察组为73.3%(22/30),组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。
表2  2组治疗前后NIHSS和mRS评分比较  (x±s,分)
Table 2  Comparison of NIHSS and mRS scores before and after treatment in 2 groups  (x±s,score)
组别 n NIHSS评分
治疗前 治疗后14 d 治疗后30 d 90 d mRS 恢复良好(n)
对照组 30 19.16±2.57 17.33±2.47 14.76±2.06 3.60±0.89 14
观察组 30 20.03±2.54 16.87±2.73 13.63±2.44 3.16±0.75 a 22a
t   1.313 0.695 1.942 2.037 4.444
P   0.194 0.490 0.057 0.046 0.035
 
              注:与对照组比较,aP<0.05
3  讨论
        脑出血引起的颅内占位效应和继发性脑损伤是导致患者死亡和致残的主要原因,早期手术清除血肿可有效减轻占位效应,防止脑水肿发展,改善患者预后,但多数患者术后仍遗留不同程度的残疾。目前,微创治疗脑出血的手术方式中,立体定向血肿抽吸术对血肿周围神经组织及传导束损伤极小,可能是治疗脑深部出血最有前途的手术方式。现有的研究表明,立体定向血肿抽吸术是一种微创、安全、有效的血肿清除技术[1-5],结合尿激酶溶凝治疗能较快地清除幕上20~50 mL的脑内血肿[6],然而手术疗效的影响因素较多,脑出血后继发脑损伤也是多因素、多机制共同参与的结果[7-10],单纯手术治疗难以显著改善患者预后,寻找有效的药物干预,联合多种治疗方法以减轻继发性脑损伤,对提高临床疗效具有重要意义。
        研究显示,他汀药物可改善缺血性脑卒中患者预后[11-12]。由于他汀类药物具有抑制血小板聚集、增强纤维蛋白溶解的作用,理论上使用他汀药物可能增加脑出血的风险。新近的研究表明,缺血性脑卒中患者早期应用他汀药物治疗不会增加急性期后脑出血发生率,反而降低病死率[13-16]。脑出血患者使用他汀药物同样具有良好的安全性,与再发脑出血无明显相关性[17-21],多项研究提示脑出血后继续使用他汀药物可能与脑出血患者病死率和预后的改善密切相关,但需要进一步随机对照试验证实[22-28]
        阿托伐他汀是临床应用最广的一种他汀药物,具有安全性高、耐受性好、脂溶性高,易通过血脑屏障发挥作用等特点,除具有调脂、稳定斑块作用外,还有抗炎症反应、抗氧化应激、调节血管内皮细胞功能而对脑血管疾病发挥治疗作用[29-30]。本研究显示,观察组治疗后14 d、30 d NIHSS评分低于对照组,但差异无统计学意义,2组30 d内再出血率差异无统计学意义,提示联合阿托伐他汀治疗后,患者早期神经功能有不太显著的改善,且未增加再出血的发生率,治疗安全。治疗后90 d观察组mRS评分高于对照组,差异有统计学意义,提示联合阿托伐他汀治疗可明显改善立体定向血肿抽吸术后远期疗效,预后好于对照组。目前,他汀药物的神经保护作用机制尚未完全阐明。动物实验表明,阿托伐他汀能降低基质金属蛋白酶-9水平,减轻脑出血后血脑屏障的破坏,降低脑含水量,促进神经功能恢复。另有报道,阿托伐他汀通过抑制TNF-α使AQP-4 mRNA和蛋白表达下调,减轻脑水肿,以及下调NF-κB信号分子的表达及多种炎性细胞因子的产生,减轻脑出血后脑组织的炎症反应,从而起到脑保护作用。
        本研究提示,基底节区出血量30~40 mL的患者采用立体定向血肿抽吸术联合常规剂量阿托伐他汀治疗安全有效且有更好的远期效果。
 
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(收稿2018-11-13)
本文责编:张喜民
本文引用信息:廖洪民,王勇,黄建军,朱家伟,郑远.立体定向血肿抽吸术联合阿托伐他汀治疗自发性脑出血的疗效观察[J].中国实用神经疾病杂志,2019,22(1):60-63.DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2019.01.012
Reference information:LIAO Hongmin,WANG Yong,HUANG Jianjun,ZHU Jiawei,ZHENG Yuan.Therapeutic effect of stereotactic hematoma aspiration combined with atorvastatin in the treatment of spontaneous cerebral hemorrhage[J].Chinese Journal of Practical Nervous Diseases,2019,22(1):60-63.DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2019.01.012
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