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肠道菌群与抑郁的相关性研究进展

作者 / Author:黄小群 廖小平

摘要 / Abstract:

肠道菌群与人类健康和疾病的影响已经成为近年来研究工作者们关注的焦点,“菌群-肠-脑”轴的存在,使肠道菌群有效参与调控着机体的复杂的生理过程,而神经-免疫-内分泌系统的精密协调,使得肠道菌群进一步参与了中枢神经系统的调控,这已经在分子生物学中得到证实。患者如果长期处于抑郁状态,不但精神心理上备受摧残,而且机体功能也将受到严重影响,包括神经系统受损,内分泌功能紊乱,甚至还会造成肠道黏膜屏障功能的严重破坏,影响身心健康。研究发现肠道菌群失调与抑郁症有密切关系,补充肠道益生菌、调节肠道菌群可以改善抑郁状态。

关键词 / KeyWords:

肠道菌群,抑郁症,“菌群-肠-脑”轴,益生菌,卒中后抑郁,双歧杆菌,中枢神经系统
肠道菌群与抑郁的相关性研究进展
黄小群  廖小平
上海市嘉定区安亭医院,上海 201805
作者简介:黄小群,Email:149126521@qq.com
通信作者:廖小平,Email:xpliao135@163.com
 
摘要】  肠道菌群与人类健康和疾病的影响已经成为近年来研究工作者们关注的焦点,“菌群-肠-脑”轴的存在,使肠道菌群有效参与调控着机体的复杂的生理过程,而神经-免疫-内分泌系统的精密协调,使得肠道菌群进一步参与了中枢神经系统的调控,这已经在分子生物学中得到证实。患者如果长期处于抑郁状态,不但精神心理上备受摧残,而且机体功能也将受到严重影响,包括神经系统受损,内分泌功能紊乱,甚至还会造成肠道黏膜屏障功能的严重破坏,影响身心健康。研究发现肠道菌群失调与抑郁症有密切关系,补充肠道益生菌、调节肠道菌群可以改善抑郁状态。
关键词】  肠道菌群;抑郁症;“菌群-肠-脑”轴;益生菌;卒中后抑郁;双歧杆菌;中枢神经系统
中图分类号】  R749.41    【文献标识码】  A    【文章编号】  1673-5110(2019)01-0112-05  DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2019.01.023
 
Research progress on the relationship between intestinal flora and depression
HUANG XiaoqunLIAO Xiaoping
Department of Internal MedicineAnting HospitalJiading DistrictShanghai 201805,China
Abstract】  The influence of intestinal flora and human health and disease has become a hot spot of research in recent years,More and more molecular biological evidence reveals that the intestinal microbial community not only participates in and regulates the physiological functions of the body,but also plays a important role in the regulation of higher nervous activity through the ”Flora-gut-brain” axis,which plays the role through neural-immuno-endocrine network regulation.The long-term depression of patients with depression can cause some damage to the body's nervous system,the endocrine system and the intestinal mucosal barrier function.The experimental study found that depression has a close relationship with intestinal microflora,while regulating intestinal flora and supplementing intestinal probiotics can improve depression.Therefore,we review the progress in the study of the correlation between intestinal flora and depression,looking for new targets for the treatment of depression.
Key words】  Intestinal microflora;Depression;”Flora-gut-brain” axis;Probiotics;Post-stroke depression;Bifidobacterium;Central nervous system
 
        肠道菌群种类繁多,数目庞大,已经成为机体重要的基因组成部分,目前,人们对肠道菌群的研究越来越深入,对肠道菌群的作用也了解得越来越来多,“菌群-肠-脑”轴的存在,使肠道菌群有效参与调控着机体的复杂的生理过程,而神经-免疫-内分泌系统的精密协调,使得肠道菌群进一步参与了中枢神经系统的调控,这已经在分子生物学中得到证实[1]。肠道菌群对人类健康和疾病的影响已经引起广泛的关注和重视[2-5]。一种治疗肠道菌群失调引起的相关性疾病的新兴方法-粪微生态移植(FMT)成为近几年来-研究的热点[6-8]。在美国已经有10家机构在Clinicaltrials.gov中心注册了肠道菌群对于神经系统疾病的干预性的临床研究,这或许将为肠道菌群干预神经系统疾病提供更多的理论基础及证据。抑郁症是临床上常见的精神障碍,其主要特征为显著并持久的思维迟滞、情绪低落,并伴有认知功能损害和意志活动减弱,属于情感性精神障碍的一种临床类型,发病率非常高,各个年龄均可发病,严重阻碍和影响着人们的生活和工作[9-13]。如果长期处于抑郁状态,不但精神心理上备受摧残,而且机体功能也将受到严重影响,包括神经系统受损,内分泌功能紊乱,甚至还会造成肠道黏膜屏障功能的严重破坏,影响身心健康[14]。多数学者研究发现抑郁症等精神性疾病与肠道菌群的状态有关,补充肠道益生菌、调节肠道菌群可以改善抑郁状态。现将肠道菌群与抑郁的相关性研究进展作一综述,为抑郁的治疗寻找新途径。
 
1  作用机制
        肠道菌群作用于中枢神经系统、引起宿主精神行为改变、导致抑郁发生或加重,其作用的途径和方式包括:(1)机体肠道上皮的细胞有些具有内分泌或庞分泌功能,而肠道微生物的代谢产物则可作为神经递质或者其前体作用在这些细胞上;(2)肠道菌群的变化可引起肠腔局部的环境改变,而肠道的淋巴细胞通过感受其变化释放具有内分泌和旁分泌的细胞因子进入中枢神经系统发挥调节作用;(3)肠道的内分泌细胞还可释放肠肽刺激感觉神经元的末梢,进一步产生一系列神经冲动进入大脑[15]。肠道菌群作用于中枢及周围神经系统,通过直接或间接的方式参与和调控神经系统中神经递质的各种水平。对CF小鼠的实验研究发现,血清中5-羟色胺(5-HT)的水平较正常小鼠下降,且5-HT的前体及其代谢产物水平却在肠道和尿液中都有相应程度的降低[16-19],肠道微生物能产生色氨酸,这是一种5-HT的前体,能透过血脑屏障,进而生成5-HT,对中枢神经系统起调节作用[18]。SCFAs也有肠道的微生物合成,这能刺激肠道嗜铬细胞产生5-HT,调节胃肠蠕动[19]。多巴胺、γ-氨基丁酸(BABA)也是与之类似的肠道菌群调节的神经递质[20]。这些来源与肠道菌群的神经递质就是通过调节迷走神经的活性来作为初级神经,连接着肠道的神经系统和中枢神经系统。肠道菌群还能借助免疫系统介导的各种炎性因子信号通路进一步调节神经系统的各种功能。如一些细菌的分子能激活免疫细胞释放一些促炎因子,而这些促炎因子则能通过血脑屏障进入大脑,进而激活小小胶质细胞,诱发一系列免疫反应[21]。一些促炎因子还能加快5-HT的摄取、降低5-HT受体的表达,使5-HT信号逐渐减弱,影响机体的行为[22],导致抑郁发生、发展[23-24]。肠道菌群分泌的脂多糖(LPS)通过Toll样受体造成TNF-α、IL-1β等炎性因子增多,发生炎症反应,影响中枢神经系统调节,促进和导致抑郁发生、发展[25]
 
2  抑郁状态下肠道菌群的改变
        肠道菌群的组成和多样性与抑郁有密切关系[26]。AIZAWA等[27]通过研究抑郁患者及正常人群的大便中双歧杆菌及乳酸杆菌数量发现,在抑郁症患者中,双歧杆菌或者乳酸杆菌均明显减低。抑郁症患者和健康人群在肠道菌群的结构上存在着明显的差异。与健康人群相比较,在门水平上,拟杆菌、变形菌、放线菌在抑郁症患者的肠道菌群中比例明显增高,而厚壁菌比例则显著降低。在科水平上,Enterbacteriaceca、Porphymonadaceae、Acidaminococca-ceae、Fu-sobacteriaceae、Rikenellaceae在抑郁症患者的肠道中的比例明显增高,明显降低的细菌包括Ruminococcaceae、Bacteroidaceae、Lachnospiraceae、Erysipelotrichaceae、Prevotellaceae、和Veillonellaceae。在属水平上,普氏菌的丰度增加,粪杆菌和反刍球菌的丰度减少[28],乳酸菌和双歧杆菌亦明显减少[29]。研究者还建立了多种抑郁动物模型,证实了抑郁动物与对照组动物的肠道微生物具有明显差异,这种差异与抑郁症患者的肠道微生物失调具有相似性[30-31]
 
3  益生菌改善抑郁症状
        肠道菌群失调可引起多种生理和心理疾病,研究发现,恢复正常的肠道菌群则可改善这些疾病[32-34]。益生菌的益处不仅在于肠道,还可通过“菌群-肠-脑”轴发挥益处[35-38]。研究表明,补充益生菌可以缓解抑郁症状,甚至能达到与传统抗抑郁药物类似的效果,并改善认知和代谢[39]。目前报道较多的为乳酸菌,如干酪乳杆菌[39]、helveticus乳杆菌[36]、双歧杆菌[37]等。WONG等[40]就是通过改变肠道微生物的炎性信号途径来改变了抑郁行为。LIANG[41]发现瑞士乳杆菌对于慢性束缚应激引起的抑郁具有良好的抗抑郁作用。补充婴儿双歧杆菌能改善小鼠断奶抑郁,其作用效果与使用抗抑郁的药物相似[42]。健康的饮食,如地中海饮食,可以刺激益生菌增殖,改善行为和认知[43-44],这在抑郁症患者的饮食上可能有借鉴和指导意义。粪微生态移植(FMT)是将健康者的粪便移植到患者的肠道以恢复患者肠道微生物正常菌群的方法,这已经在艰难梭菌感染、炎症性肠病及溃疡性结肠炎的治疗中取得成效,现在,人们正尝试使用FMT来治疗焦虑、抑郁等神经精神疾病。
 
4  肠道菌群移植可传播抑郁
        在对肠道菌群的研究中,人们还发现一个有趣的现象:抑郁症状可以通过肠道菌群的移植而传播。如将抑郁症患者和健康人的粪便菌群分别移植到无菌小鼠体内,接受抑郁症患者粪便菌群移植的小鼠表现出了与供体相似的抑郁症状[45],如快感缺乏、类焦虑行为增加、色氨酸代谢紊乱等[46]。这表明抑郁的生理和心理症状可以在不同的个体之间传播和转移。因此,后代可能通过父母获得相似的微生物群或易感菌株表现为抑郁的遗传易感性[47]
 
5  肠道菌群与卒中后抑郁
        虽然卒中后抑郁症与功能性抑郁症在发病时间和病理生理基础上均不同,但两者在患病以后呈现的长期抑郁状态相同。卒中后抑郁大鼠大脑中的5-HT、多巴胺及肾上腺素的含量均明显降低,大肠杆菌或志贺杆菌属、颤克杆菌属、普雷沃菌属的含量明显的减少,大鼠脑内的单胺类神经递质的水平变化和肠道菌群构成的改变,参与了脑卒中之后抑郁大鼠的病情变化。通过利用Roche/45高通量测序平台对临床上卒中后抑郁病人的粪便标本中16S RNA V3区进行定量分析发现,卒中后抑郁患者的肠道菌群多样性与均衡性都有着明显的差异[48],Faecalibacterium等抗炎细菌数量明显减少,而致病性肠杆菌明显增多[49-50],这与既往文献里功能型抑郁患者的肠道微生物变迁情况类似。这为使用肠道微生物治疗卒中后抑郁提供了新的思路。
 
6  现状与展望
        肠道菌群和抑郁症有着密切的联系,目前的动物实验研究成果使通过调节肠道菌群来改善和治疗抑郁症成为可能,但目前大部分实验还局限于动物,对于人类的效果还有待更多实验研究。对人群的相关性研究中以肠道菌群和功能性抑郁的研究为多,与卒中后抑郁的相关性研究还非常少。找出与抑郁患者的精神行为学改变的新靶点将成为抑郁精准医疗的关键。调节肠道菌群可能成为抑郁治疗的新靶点,肠道微生态治疗也有可能为抑郁患者的治疗开启新的篇章。研究肠道菌群,探讨肠道菌群与抑郁的相关性,找到预防和治疗抑郁的新途径,必将为人类健康做出新的贡献。
 
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(收稿2018-07-17)
本文责编:张喜民
本文引用信息:黄小群,廖小平.肠道菌群与抑郁的相关性研究进展[J].中国实用神经疾病杂志,2019,22(1):112-116.DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2019.01.023
Reference information:HUANG Xiaoqun,LIAO Xiaoping.Research progress on the relationship between intestinal flora and depression[J].Chinese Journal of Practical Nervous Diseases,2019,22(1):112-116.DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2019.01.023
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