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血压对急性脑梗死静脉溶栓患者脑血流及预后的影响

作者 / Author:成红学 是明启

摘要 / Abstract:

目的 探讨降血压对急性脑梗死静脉溶栓患者脑血流及短期预后的影响。方法 选取我科收治合并高血压的急性脑梗死(ACI)患者86例为研究对象,入院后行阿替普酶静脉溶栓治疗,随机分为观察组及对照组,观察组入院后继续应用降压药物,维持血压120~140/80~90 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),对照组血压低于180/100 mmHg时不降压,1周后启动降压治疗。观察2组患者静脉溶栓后梗死侧脑血流、梗死体积变化,NIHSS评分变化,出血并发症、90 d良好预后(mRS≤2)。结果 观察组脑血流较

关键词 / KeyWords:

急性脑梗死,血压,静脉溶栓,脑血流,预后

血压对急性脑梗死静脉溶栓患者脑血流及预后的影响

成红学  是明启
焦作煤业集团中央医院神经内科一区,河南 焦作 454102
作者简介:成红学,Email:jzcheng828@163.com
摘要  目的  探讨降血压对急性脑梗死静脉溶栓患者脑血流及短期预后的影响。方法  选取我科收治合并高血压的急性脑梗死(ACI)患者86例为研究对象,入院后行阿替普酶静脉溶栓治疗,随机分为观察组及对照组,观察组入院后继续应用降压药物,维持血压120~140/80~90 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),对照组血压低于180/100 mmHg时不降压,1周后启动降压治疗。观察2组患者静脉溶栓后梗死侧脑血流、梗死体积变化,NIHSS评分变化,出血并发症、90 d良好预后(mRS≤2)。结果  观察组脑血流较对照组降低,但差异无统计学意义;梗死体积、NIHSS评分变化、出血并发症及90 d良好预后的患者和对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论  急性脑梗死患者静脉溶栓后及时降压治疗,没有明显降低梗死侧脑血流,没有扩大脑梗死体积,对患者的短期预后无明显影响,但控制血压可能降低溶栓后出血转化。
关键词】  急性脑梗死;血压;静脉溶栓;脑血流;预后
中图分类号】  R743.33    【文献标识码】  A    【文章编号】  1673-5110(2018)21-2378-05  DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2018.21.509
Effect of blood pressure on cerebral blood flow and prognosis in patients with acute cerebral infarction undergoing intravenous thrombolysis
CHENG HongxueSHI Mingqi
Department of NeurologyCentral Hospital of Jiaozuo Coal Industry GroupJiaozuo 454102,China
Abstract  Objective  To investigate the effect of blood pressure lowering on cerebral blood flow and short-term prognosis in patients with acute cerebral infarction undergoing intravenous thrombolysis.Methods  Eighty-six patients with acute cerebral infarction (ACI) admitted to our department were enrolled in this study.After admission,they received intravenous alteplase intravenous thrombolysis.They were randomly divided into observation group and control group.The observation group continued to apply antihypertensive after admission.The drug maintained blood pressure of 120~140/80~90 mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa).When the blood pressure of the control group was lower than 180/100 mmHg,the blood pressure was not reduced,and the antihypertensive treatment was started 1 week later.The infarction cerebral blood flow,infarct volume changes,NIHSS score changes,bleeding complications,and good prognosis at 90 days (mRS ≤ 2) were observed after intravenous thrombolysis.Results  The cerebral blood flow of the observation group was lower than that of the control group,but the difference was not statistically significant.There was no significant difference in the infarct volume,NIHSS score,bleeding complications and 90-day good prognosis between the patients and the control group (P>0.05).Conclusion  Intravenous thrombolysis after acute thrombolysis in patients with acute cerebral infarction did not significantly reduce infarct cerebral blood flow,did not expand the volume of cerebral infarction,and had no significant effect on the short-term prognosis of patients,but controlling blood pressure may reduce hemorrhagic transformation after thrombolysis.
Key words】  Acute cerebral infarction;Blood pressure;Intravenous thrombolysis;Cerebral blood flow;Prognosis
        急性脑梗死(acute cerebral infraction,ACI )是神经科的常见疾病之一,多数患者治疗后遗留不同程度的功能障碍,严重影响生活质量;在溶栓时间窗内及时溶栓治疗,可以迅速恢复脑组织血液供应,挽救缺血半暗带,降低致残率[1]。溶栓是现阶段ACI的主要治疗方法,包括静脉溶栓、动脉溶栓,指南推荐静脉溶栓仍为首选治疗;高血压是急性脑卒中的独立危险因素,对于静脉溶栓后患者血压的管理,指南没有明确的规定。我们通过观察静脉溶栓患者不同时间启动降血压治疗,探讨对梗死侧脑血流及临床预后的影响,为ACI患者的血压管理提供临床依据。
1  资料与方法
1.1  一般资料  选取2015-12—2018-05 发病在4.5 h以内,在我科行静脉溶栓的86例ACI患者为研究对象,男52例,女34例,年龄33~80(61.37±5.61)岁,根据TOAST分型:大动脉粥样硬化41例,心源性栓塞9例,小动脉闭塞36例。随机分为观察组和对照组,观察组43例,男28例,女15例,平均(62.72±7.64)岁;对照组43例,男24例,女19例,平均(63.18±8.32)岁。前循环梗死53例,后循环梗死32例,前后循环多发梗死1例。所有患者均行头颅CT检查,符合中国急性缺血性脑卒中诊治指南(2010版)静脉溶栓的纳入及排除标准;溶栓前患者均行头颅MRI、MRA检查,排除颅内大血管严重狭窄,发病类型为低灌注者;2组患者临床资料比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。
1.2  治疗方法  2组患者入院后即刻化验血常规、凝血功能,常规治疗给予脑保护、活血化瘀、口服阿托伐他汀钙片、保护胃黏膜及对症治疗。静脉溶栓给予rt-PA(爱通立,德国BoehringerIngelheim Pharma公司生产),总剂量0.9 mg/kg,最大计量<90 mg,1 min内静脉注射总量的10%,剩余剂量1 h内匀速静脉泵入;观察组同时启动降血压治疗,维持血压在120~140/80~90 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),对照组血压≤180/100 mmHg时不降血压,溶栓时密切观察患者病情变化,溶栓后复查头颅CT无出血,24 h后口服拜阿司匹林100 mg,氯吡格雷75 mg/d,抗血小板聚集治疗。溶栓后24 h及7 d通过经颅多普勒(TCD)检查观察梗死侧脑血流情况,TCD检查采用德国EME TC2020型彩色多普勒诊断,探头频率2 MHz,经颞、枕、眼窗检查颅底各动脉,测量颅内血管的平均血流速度(Vm)、血管搏动指数(PI)等指标。
1.3  疗效评价  比较2组患者溶栓后24 h、7d 脑血流变化,溶栓后24 h、14 d的NIHSS评分,脑梗死体积的大小,出血并发症,90 d mRS评分≤2患者。
1.4  统计学处理  采用SPSS 20.0软件对所有数据进行统计学处理,计量资料以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,采用t检验,计数资料比较采用χ2检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2  结果
2.1  2组溶栓后脑血流比较  溶栓后24 h2组患者脑血流比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);溶栓后7 d观察组脑血流较对照组有下降趋势,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表1。
2.2  2组溶栓后NIHSS评分比较  溶栓后24 h:观察组NIHSS评分(8.8±4.9)分,对照组NIHSS评分(9.1±5.2)分;溶栓后14 d:观察组NIHSS评分(5.0±4.1)分,对照组NIHSS评分(4.5±3.7)分,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。
2.3  2组梗死体积变化比较   溶栓后24 h,2组患者脑梗死体积均较治疗前明显增大,但观察组和对照组脑梗死体积比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表2。
2.4  2组出血并发症及90 d良好预后比较  2组患者治疗24 h后颅内出血并发症比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);90 d mRS≤2分患者,观察组与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表3。
表1  溶栓后2组脑血流比较  (x±s)
Table 1  Comparison of cerebral blood flow in two groups after thrombolysis  (x±s)
时间 部位   观察组 对照组
溶栓后24 h 大脑中动脉 Vm(cm/s) 77.52±5.19 75.38±4.86
    PI 0.98±0.12 1.02±0.14
  大脑前动脉 Vm(cm/s) 53.26±5.05 55.13±5.11
    PI 1.01±0.13 1.04±0.15
  大脑后动脉 Vm(cm/s) 42.45±3.67 43.71±3.71
    PI 0.88±0.07 0.93±0.09
溶栓后7 d 大脑中动脉 Vm(cm/s) 73.41±4.26 76.24±4.38
    PI 1.02±0.13 0.99±0.11
  大脑前动脉 Vm(cm/s) 50.41±4.66 54.22±4.81
    PI 1.06±0.15 1.03±0.13
  大脑后动脉 Vm(cm/s) 40.51±3.72 43.16±3.58
    PI 0.95±0.11 0.87±0.09
表2  2组溶栓前后梗死体积变化比较  (x±s,cm3)
Table 2  Comparison of infarct volume changes before and after thrombolysis in 2 groups  (x±s,cm3
组别 溶栓前梗死体积 溶栓后24 h梗死体积
观察组 19.23±9.57 26.31±11.48
对照组 20.02±10.15 25.59±11.03
表3  2组颅内出血并发症、90 d mRS≤2分比较  [n(%)]
Table 3  Comparison of complications of intracranial hemorrhage in 2 groups,90 d mRS ≤ 2 points  [n(%)]
组别 颅内出血 mRS2
观察组 2(4.6) a 30(69.77)a
对照组 3(6.9) b 28(65.12)b
              注:a与b比较,P>0.05
3  讨论
        ACI患者约占全部脑卒中的70%,动脉粥样硬化是ACI的主要病因,动脉粥样硬化斑块破裂,血小板局部聚集形成血栓,导致脑组织缺血坏死[2-3];坏死脑组织周围存在缺血半暗带,这是溶栓治疗的理论依据[4];研究显示,急性脑梗死溶栓治疗的时间窗为6 h,治疗时间越早,效果越好[5]
        ACI患者及时进行静脉溶栓治疗,可使闭塞的血管迅速恢复血流,有利于改善预后[6]。近年来,随着医院卒中中心及绿色通道的建设[7],静脉溶栓率逐年提高,静脉溶栓治疗具有简单、快速的优点,指南推荐仍是首选方法。1997年,美国FDA批准发病<3 h的急性缺血性脑卒中患者应用阿替普酶静脉溶栓;阿替普酶是一种重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂,能选择性与血栓表面的纤维蛋白相结合,具有溶栓特异性强,血流恢复快的特点[8-9]。静脉溶栓后患者血压的管理,目前还没有明确的规定,指南推荐,静脉溶栓患者血压应<180/100 mmHg,但对于血压具体控制到多少,应该静脉溶栓后何时启动降压治疗,还没有循证医学证据;研究显示脑梗死急性期血压变化急剧,可加重神经功能损害[10],血压过低导致灌注不足,梗死面积扩大[11]。研究[12]显示,高血压与早期神经功能恶化相关;因此,溶栓后早期血压管理尤为重要;脑梗死患者脑血流的状况和预后相关,有效监测脑血流意义重大[13];目前,脑血流的研究仍是治疗脑梗死的研究重点[14];TCD是一种有效的脑血流检查方法[15],通过血液流速、搏动指数的变化,能快速获得局部血液循环情况[16-18],可以间接监测脑灌注。
        本研究对静脉溶栓患者不同时间启动降压治疗,通过TCD观察血压对梗死侧脑血流以及对梗死体积的影响,溶栓后24 h 2组患者脑血流比较差异无统计学意义;溶栓后7 d观察组脑血流较对照组有下降趋势,但差异无统计学意义;溶栓后24 h,2组患者脑梗死体积均较治疗前增大,但观察组和对照组脑梗死体积比较差异无统计学意义;提示及时控制血压,没有降低脑灌注,未加重缺血半暗带的损伤,未扩大脑梗死体积;溶栓后24 h、14 d,观察组和对照组患者NIHSS评分变化,差异均无统计学意义;90 d mRS≤2分患者,观察组与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义;提示积极控制血压,对患者的临床症状虽然没有积极的影响,但也未加重患者的临床症状,未降低90 d良好预后率,与相关研究[17]一致;对患者远期预后的影响,还需要进一步研究。研究[18]发现,溶栓后出血转化的危险因素为2 h及24 h的高水平收缩压;因此,控制血压,可降低溶栓后的出血转化。研究[19-25]表明,术前NIHSS评分是患者溶栓后出血的独立危险因素;发病后3~4.5 h静脉溶栓较3 h内静脉溶栓的患者出血率高,提示出血并发症和治疗的时间相关[26-32],本研究患者治疗24 h后颅内出血并发症比较差异无统计学意义,可能与样本量小有关,通过提高样本量,可获得更可靠临床结果。
        应用阿替普酶静脉溶栓后,及时将血压控制在正常范围,没有明显降低脑血流,我们可以更加积极的控制血压,减少患者的出血转化。
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(收稿2018-08-02  修回2018-09-30)
本文责编:王喜梅
本文引用信息:成红学,是明启.血压对急性脑梗死静脉溶栓患者脑血流及预后的影响[J].中国实用神经疾病杂志,2018,21(21):2378-2382.DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2018.21.509
Reference information:CHENG Hongxue,SHI Mingqi.Effect of blood pressure on cerebral blood flow and prognosis in patients with acute cerebral infarction undergoing intravenous thrombolysis[J].Chinese Journal of Practical Nervous Diseases,2018,21(21):2378-2382.DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2018.21.509 
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