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骶神经刺激结合膀胱功能训练治疗脑卒中后神经源性膀胱的效果

作者 / Author:任钰鑫

摘要 / Abstract:

目的 探究骶神经刺激结合膀胱功能训练治疗脑卒中后神经源性膀胱患者的临床效果。方法 选择郑州大学第二附属医院2016-07-2018-03接诊的的脑卒中后神经源性膀胱患者109例进行研究,按照患者入院ID号随机分为观察组(51例)和对照组(58例)。对照组采用膀胱功能训练,观察组在对照组基础上结合骶神经刺激。观察治疗效果并比较2组治疗前后尿动力学指标特征,2 d排尿日记(每日排尿次数、单次尿量及最大排尿量)及视觉模拟评分(VAS)。结果 治疗后观察组总有效率明显高于对照组(86.3% vs 65.5%,P<0.05)。2组平均残余尿量、平均膀胱压力、平均最大尿道闭合压均明显降低,平均膀胱容量及平均最大尿流率明显升高(P<0.05),观察组改善状况显著优于对照组(P<0.05)。2组排尿次数、尿失禁发作次数、单次尿量、最大排尿量均显著改善(P<0.05),观察各指标均显著优于对照组(P<0.05)。2组VAS评分均显著降低,观察组明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论 骶神经刺激配合膀胱功能训练能效改善脑卒中后神经源性膀胱患者患者排尿功能障碍,且效果优于单纯使用膀胱功能训练。

关键词 / KeyWords:

脑卒中,神经源性膀胱,排尿障碍,骶神经刺激,膀胱功能训练,尿动力学
骶神经刺激结合膀胱功能训练治疗脑卒中后神经源性膀胱的效果
任钰鑫
郑州大学第二附属医院,河南郑州 450014
作者简介:任钰鑫,Email:renyuxin666@126.com
摘要 目的 探究骶神经刺激结合膀胱功能训练治疗脑卒中后神经源性膀胱患者的临床效果。方法 选择郑州大学第二附属医院2016-07-2018-03接诊的的脑卒中后神经源性膀胱患者109例进行研究,按照患者入院ID号随机分为观察组(51例)和对照组(58例)。对照组采用膀胱功能训练,观察组在对照组基础上结合骶神经刺激。观察治疗效果并比较2组治疗前后尿动力学指标特征,2 d排尿日记(每日排尿次数、单次尿量及最大排尿量)及视觉模拟评分(VAS)。结果 治疗后观察组总有效率明显高于对照组(86.3% vs 65.5%,P<0.05)。2组平均残余尿量、平均膀胱压力、平均最大尿道闭合压均明显降低,平均膀胱容量及平均最大尿流率明显升高(P<0.05),观察组改善状况显著优于对照组(P<0.05)。2组排尿次数、尿失禁发作次数、单次尿量、最大排尿量均显著改善(P<0.05),观察各指标均显著优于对照组(P<0.05)。2组VAS评分均显著降低,观察组明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论 骶神经刺激配合膀胱功能训练能效改善脑卒中后神经源性膀胱患者患者排尿功能障碍,且效果优于单纯使用膀胱功能训练。
关键词】 脑卒中;神经源性膀胱;排尿障碍;骶神经刺激;膀胱功能训练;尿动力学
中图分类号】  R743.3    【文献标识码】  A    【文章编号】  1673-5110(2018)24-2736-06  DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2018.24.570
Effect of sacral nerve stimulation combined with bladder function training on patients with neurogenic bladder after stroke
REN Yuxin
The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450014,China
Abstract  Objective  To investigate the effect of sacral nerve stimulation combined with bladder function training on patients with neurogenic bladder after stroke.Methods  A total of 109 patients with post-stroke neurogenic bladder patients who were admitted to the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from 2016-07-2018-03 were randomly divided into observation group (51 cases) and control group(58 cases).The control group was trained in bladder function,while the observation group was combined with sacral nerve stimulation on the basis of the control group.The therapeutic effects of the two groups were observed and the characteristics of urodynamic parameters before and after treatment were compared between the two groups.The 2-day urination diary (daily urination frequency,single urine volume and maximum urine output) and visual analogue scale (VAS).Results  After treatment,the total effective rate of the observation group was significantly higher than that of the control group (86.3% vs 65.5%,P<0.05).The mean residual urine volume,mean bladder pressure,and mean maximum urethral closure pressure were significantly lower in the 2 groups,and the mean bladder volume and mean maximum urinary flow rate were significantly increased (P<0.05).The improvement of the observation group was significantly better than that of the control group (P<0.05).The frequency of urination,the number of urinary incontinence episodes,single urine volume and maximum urine output were significantly improved in the 2 groups (P<0.05),and all the indicators were significantly better than the control group (P<0.05).The VAS scores of the two groups were significantly lower,and the VAS scores of the observation group were significantly lower than those of the control group (P>0.05).Conclusion  The sacral nerve stimulation combined with bladder function training can improve the urinary dysfunction in patients with neurogenic bladder after stroke,and the effect is better than the simple use of bladder function training.
Key words】  Stroke;Neurogenic bladder;Urinary dysfunction;Sacral nerve stimulation;Bladder function training;Urodynamics
        神经源性膀胱是由于控制排尿功能的中枢神经系统或周围神经受到损害所致的膀胱和尿道的功能障碍[1]。脑卒中是我国致残率最高的疾病,神经源性膀胱是脑卒中常见并发症之一,主要表现为尿不畅或尿潴留,严重者甚至导致肾衰竭或死亡[2]。目前,临床多采取膀胱功能训练、药物注射、电刺激疗法、磁刺激疗法或手术等疗法,治疗前需通过尿动力学对下尿路病例生理情况进行检查,根据情况采取相应的治疗,但尚无根治方法[3]。骶神经刺激也称为骶神经调节,是一种医用电刺激疗法[4]。本研究以骶神经刺激联合膀胱功能训练法治疗脑卒中后神经源性膀胱,寻找脑卒中后神经源性膀胱康复治疗的最佳疗法。
1  资料与方法
1.1  一般资料 选择郑州大学第二附属医院2016-07-2018-03收治的109例脑卒中后神经源性膀胱患者,按照随机数表法分为观察组(51例)、对照组(58例)。观察组男24例,女27例;年龄22~63(45.7±15.3)岁;病程15~30(20.25±2.35)d;脑血管病变20例,多发性硬化13例,外周神经病变18例。对照组男31例,女27例;年龄21~64(46.8±16.2)岁;病程14~32(21.25±2.26)d;脑血管病变25例,多发性硬化14例,外周神经病变19例。所有患者符合神经源性膀胱的诊断多、尿滴沥等症状,生命体征平稳、意识清晰、神经学体征不再进展。排除严重心、脑、肺等疾病患者,合并严重尿路感染者,资料不齐全者。2组一般资料比较无显著性差异(P>0.05),具有可比性。
1.2  方法 对照组给予膀胱功能训练:(1)间歇导尿法:首先选用合适的导尿管,使用润滑剂后,轻柔缓慢插入无菌导管,防止尿道损伤。待完全引流尿液后,缓慢拔出导尿管,尿管完全拔出前需先关闭尿管末端,避免尿液反流。(2)盆底肌肉训练:采用生物反馈结合神经肌肉电刺激进行盆底肌肉训练,收缩耻骨尾骨肌,收缩持续10 s/次,10次1组,4组/d。(3)手法辅助排尿:叩击耻骨上区,宜轻而快,避免重叩,100次/min,时间15~20 min。
        观察组在对照组的基础上结合骶神经刺激:(1)连接刺激器:医生将固定电极放入患者的下腰部,做一条皮下隧道,穿至身体臀部的侧面出来,然后将延长导线连接到临时刺激器。(2)临时刺激器干预:对于有电刺激的患者,给予患者电极固定。对于无电刺激反应的患者需选择其他神经进行刺激。神经的调节装置设定频率为14 Hz,脉冲的宽度设定为210 μs,平均电压设定为1.2 V,24 h不间断进行刺激治疗。患者需记录排尿日记和评估症状的改善情况。(3)临时刺激器(9 cm×7 cm×2 cm)可以挂在皮带上。借由电极线发送轻微的电刺激至控制膀胱的神经,症状可能获得改善或完全消失。
1.3  观察指标 观察2组治疗效果,比较治疗前后尿动力学指标特征,2 d排尿日记(每日排尿次数、单次尿量及最大排尿量)及视觉模拟评分(VAS)。疗效标准[5]:治愈:排尿通畅,无排尿不尽感且残余尿量<100 mL;显效:排尿基本通畅,有轻度排尿不尽感,残余尿量为100~200 mL;有效:排尿功能好转,有排尿不尽感,耻骨联合上可扪及膀胱底,残余尿量为100~200 mL;无效:排尿状况无改善。总有效率=(痊愈+显效+有效)/总例数×100%。采用视觉模拟评分法(VAS):使用一条长约10 cm的游动标尺,标有10个刻度(0~10),0分表示治愈,10分代表无效。分数越低,患者恢复情况越好。
1.4  统计学分析 选择SPSS 22.0专业统计学软件处理数据,计量资料以(x±s)表示,采用t检验,计数资料以率(%)表示,行χ2检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2  结果
2.1  2组临床疗效比较 观察组总有效率明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。见表1。
2.2  2组尿动力学指标比较 治疗后,2组平均残余尿量、平均膀胱压力、平均最大尿道闭合压均明显降低,平均膀胱容量及平均最大尿流率明显升高(P<0.05),且观察组改善状况显著优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表2。
2.3  2组5 d排尿日记比较  治疗后,2组排尿次数、尿失禁发作次数、单次尿量、最大排尿量均有明显改善(P<0.05),且观察组各项指标均显著优于对照组(P<0.05)。见表3。
2.4  2组治疗前后VAS评分比较  治疗后,2组VAS评分均明显降低,且观察组治疗后VAS评分明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。见表4。
表1  2组临床疗效比较  [n(%)]
Table 1 Comparison of clinical effects of 2 groups  [n(%)]
组别 n 痊愈 显效 有效 无效 总有效率/%
对照组 58 13(22.4) 10(17.2) 15(25.9) 20(34.5) 65.5
观察组 51 21(41.2) 14(27.5) 19(37.3) 8(15.7) 84.3
              注:与对照组比较,χ2=5.023,P=0.025
表2  2组治疗前后尿动力学指标特征比较  (x±s)
Table 2 Comparison of urinary kinetic parameters before and after treatment in 2 groups  (x±s)
组别 n   平均残余尿量(mL) 平均膀胱容量(mL) 平均膀胱压力(cmH2O) 平均最大尿流率(mL/s) 平均最大尿道闭合压(cmH2O)
观察组 51 治疗前 540.3±118.5 226.4±172.5 68.3±13.1 17.6±2.7 63.7±23.5
    治疗后 45.3±12.7* 258.4±181.4* 56.7±12.3* 18.9±2.9* 56.4±20.5*
对照组 58 治疗前 537.8±13.5 237.3±168.6 67.5±11.4 18.1±3.1 64.8±24.6
    治疗后 126.7±42.3*# 242.6±170.3*# 48.2±10.5*# 19.8±3.4*# 52.7±21.7*#
 注:与同组治疗前比较,*P<0.05,与对照组同期比较,#P<0.05
表3  2组5 d排尿日记比较  (x±s)
Table 3 Comparison of 2 groups of 5d urination diary  (x±s)
组别 n 治疗前后 排尿次数(次/d) 尿失禁发作次数(次/d) 单次尿量(mL) 最大排尿量(mL)
观察组 51 治疗前 19.7±4.6 12.45±5.42 68.4±23.8 150.7±43.6
    治疗后 17.5±4.2* 2.34±1.25* 90.6±23.5* 176.8±37.8*
对照组 58 治疗前 18.6±3.9 13.65±4.98 70.1±21.3 152.8±40.6
    治疗后 13.8±3.6*# 1.58±1.32*# 112.6±25.8*# 197.5±42.3*#
 注:组内治疗前后比较,*P<0.05;组间比较,#P<0.05
 表4  2组治疗前后VAS评分比较  (x±s,分)
Table 4  Comparison of VAS scores before and after treatment in 2 groups  (x±s,score)
组别 n 治疗前 治疗后
对照组 58 8.91±0.61 6.56±0.48*#
观察组 51 8.94±0.58 4.49±0.51*
              注:组内治疗前后比较,*P<0.05;组间比较,#P<0.05
3  讨论
        目前,由于我国人口老龄化程度的增加,脑血管疾病的发生率也不断提高,其中脑卒中是常见的脑血管疾病。“脑卒中”(cerebralstroke)又称“中风”,是目前致残率最高急性脑血管疾病,是由于脑血管突然破裂或脑血管阻塞导致脑组织损伤所致的疾病[6-10]。神经性膀胱是卒中后常见的一种并发症,患者会出现排尿功能及储尿功能障碍,进而会导致一系列泌尿系统并发症,严重者甚至导致肾衰竭、尿毒症等,危及患者生命[11-15]。近年来,其发病率逐年增加,主要症状表现为尿潴留及尿失禁,不但对患者的生活带来极大影响,也给患者家庭带来极大经济负担。目前临床上并无根治方法,多采用膀胱功能训练及电针等疗法[16-18]
        研究显示[19-23],膀胱功能训练可刺激膀胱功能的恢复,扩张膀胱的周期性,不仅可以减少患者泌尿系统并发症,也可以减少患者残余尿量。采用手法辅助疗法或激发排尿技术,帮助患者排尿。骶神经刺激也称骶神经调节,是一种医用电刺激疗法,是目前国内治疗脑卒中后神经性膀胱的新方法,在全球已得到较多应用[24-26]
        骶神经前根内含有支配膀胱逼尿肌的副交感神经及支配尿道括约肌的躯体运动神经,由于副交感神经及躯体交感神经的特殊生理特点,较小刺激即会导致神经兴奋[27-30]。因此,在骶神经前根进行电极刺激,能够促使膀胱逼尿肌及尿道括约肌收缩,从而有效限制膀胱收缩,减少患者排尿感,实现Udine神经源性膀胱的治疗[31-36]
        本研究显示,接受骶神经刺激配合膀胱功能训练总有效率明显高于单独接受膀胱功能训练,表明骶神经刺激配合膀胱功能训练对脑卒中神经性膀胱患者的康复治疗效果更为显著[37-42]。骶神经刺激联合膀胱功能训练的平均残余尿量、平均膀胱压力、平均最大尿道闭显著减少,平均膀胱容量及平均最大尿流率增加,且优于单纯膀胱功能训练[43-46]。多项研究显示,骶神经刺激联合膀胱功能训练的5 d排尿日记的各项指标均得到明显改善,且改善作用显著优于单纯的膀胱功能训练[47-52]。治疗后,2组VAS评分均显著降低,表明患者的健康状态均得到良好恢复,但本研究提示骶神经刺激联合膀胱功能训练对治疗脑卒中后神经性膀胱,效果更为显著,能更有效改善尿频、尿急、尿失禁等症状,在降低残余尿量、增加膀胱容量、降低膀胱压力等方面起重要作用[53-57]
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(收稿2018-11-09 修回2018-12-05)
本文责编:张喜民
本文引用信息:任钰鑫.骶神经刺激结合膀胱功能训练治疗脑卒中后神经源性膀胱的效果[J].中国实用神经疾病杂志,2018,21(24):2736-2741.DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2018.24.570

Reference informationREN Yuxin.Effect of sacral nerve stimulation combined with bladder function training on patients with neurogenic bladder after stroke[J]Chinese Journal of Practical Nervous Diseases201821(24)2736-2741.DOI10.12083/SYSJ.2018.24.570 

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