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缺血性脑血管病与颈动脉粥样硬化的相关性分析

作者 / Author:黄文甫

摘要 / Abstract:

目的 探讨缺血性脑血管病与颈动脉粥样硬化的相关性。方法 回顾分析洛阳市第一人民医院神经内科2012-01—2017-01收治660例缺血性脑血管病患者的临床资料,将其分为脑梗死组和短暂性脑缺血发作组,同时选择560例健康体检者作为对照组,分析3组超声检查情况。结果 3组性别构成、年龄及高血压、高脂血症、糖尿病、冠心病、嗜好烟酒等比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。CI组斑块检出率为99.6%,TIA组斑块检出率为64.1%,对照组斑块检出率为43.2%,且3组溃疡斑、软斑、硬斑、扁平斑、不稳定斑

关键词 / KeyWords:

缺血性脑血管病,颈动脉粥样硬化,脑梗死,高血压,相关性

缺血性脑血管病与颈动脉粥样硬化的相关性分析

黄文甫
洛阳市第一人民医院神经内科,河南 洛阳 471000
作者简介:黄文甫,Email:huangwenpu@sohu.com
摘要  目的  探讨缺血性脑血管病与颈动脉粥样硬化的相关性。方法  回顾分析洛阳市第一人民医院神经内科2012-01—2017-01收治660例缺血性脑血管病患者的临床资料,将其分为脑梗死组和短暂性脑缺血发作组,同时选择560例健康体检者作为对照组,分析3组超声检查情况。结果  3组性别构成、年龄及高血压、高脂血症、糖尿病、冠心病、嗜好烟酒等比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。CI组斑块检出率为99.6%,TIA组斑块检出率为64.1%,对照组斑块检出率为43.2%,且3组溃疡斑、软斑、硬斑、扁平斑、不稳定斑块和稳定性斑块等检出率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论  缺血性脑血管病的发生与颈动脉粥样硬化有直接联系,加强颈动脉粥样硬化的控制和预防对于缺血性脑血管病发病率的降低具有积极意义。
关键词】  缺血性脑血管病;颈动脉粥样硬化;脑梗死;高血压;相关性
中图分类号】  R743.33    【文献标识码】  A    【文章编号】  1673-5110(2018)21-2399-05  DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2018.21.513
Correlation between ischemic cerebrovascular disease and carotid atherosclerosis
HUANG Wenfu
Department of NeurologyLuoyang First People's HospitalLuoyang 471000,China
Abstract  Objective  To investigate the relationship between ischemic cerebrovascular disease and carotid atherosclerosis.Methods  This study retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 660 patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease admitted to our Department of Neurology from January 2012 to January 2017.They were divided into cerebral infarction group and transient ischemic attack group,and 560 cases were selected at the same time.As a control group,healthy subjects were observed and analyzed in three groups of ultrasound examinations.Results  The gender composition,mean age,and the proportion of hypertension,hyperlipidemia,diabetes,coronary heart disease,and hobby alcohol and tobacco in the three groups were not significantly different (P>0.05).The detection rate of plaque in the CI group was 99.6%,the detection rate of plaque in the TIA group was 64.1%,and the detection rate in the control group was 43.2%.The lesions in the three groups were ulcerated,soft,hard,and flat.The detection rates of unstable plaques and stable plaques were statistically significant (P<0.05).Conclusion  There is a direct relationship between ischemic cerebrovascular disease and carotid atherosclerosis.Strengthening the control and prevention of carotid atherosclerosis has positive significance for the reduction of the incidence of ischemic cerebrovascular disease.
Key words】  Ischemic cerebrovascular disease;Carotid atherosclerosis;Cerebral infarction;Hypertension;Correlation
        随着人口老龄化进程的发展及人民生活水平的逐步提高,脑血管疾病在中国的发生率也呈现出逐年上升的趋势,并对人民健康造成严重威胁[1-5]。缺血性脑血管疾病是脑血管疾病患者的主要类型,占70%以上,主要包括椎基底动脉供血不足、脑供血不足、短暂性脑缺血发作、脑梗死等几种类型,其主要危险因素是颈动脉粥样硬化[6-9],因此,对缺血性脑血管病与颈动脉粥样硬化的相关性进行准确判断分析,对缺血性脑血管病的诊断和治疗具有重要意义[10-15]。本研究对缺血性脑血管病与颈动脉粥样硬化的相关性进行分析。
1  资料和方法
1.1  一般资料  回顾分析洛阳市第一人民医院2012-01—2017-01收治660例缺血性脑血管病患者的临床资料,所有患者经MRI或头颅CT确诊,且扫描时间48~72 h,患者均无免疫系统障碍、良恶性肿瘤、非血液疾病和肝肾损伤问题,同时,排除半年内由雌激素、抗凝药物、降血脂药物应用史的患者。随机分为3组:脑梗死组(CI组)476例,短暂性脑缺血发作组(TIA组)184例,对照组560例。3组性别构成、年龄以及高血压症、高脂血症、糖尿病、冠心病、嗜好烟酒等比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表1。
1.2  方法  所用检查设备为PHILIPS-HD15型号彩色多普勒超声诊断仪,探头频率设置7.5~10.0 MHz,整个检查过程均有超声科专职医师进行操作,患者保持头略向后仰并偏向对侧的仰卧位,将以软垫置于双肩下,保证检查部位充分暴露,检查方向为从颈根部开始的长轴和短轴向,分别观察患者颈总动脉远端、中端和近端情况,直至颈外动脉起始处、颈内动脉起始处及颈总动脉分叉处,检查过程中保证观察到患者颈部最高点,对其颈动脉内一中膜层厚度和各段内径分别进行准确的记录,若颈动脉后壁超声结果证实为“双线征”,则需要对其粥样硬化斑块的内部回声、大小、形态和部位进行观察和记录,经彩色多普勒显像确定患者管腔内血流通畅度及是否存在充盈缺损问题,脉冲多普勒测量血流峰值速度,观察血流频谱形态。
1.3  评定标准  依据斑块的声学特征和形态表现,可以将颈动脉斑块分为以下几类:(1)溃疡斑,即溃疡边缘存在低回声,表面不光滑形似“火山口”,内部回声不均匀;(2)软斑,即表面粗糙不平,超声凸显存在形态不定、均匀或是不均匀的低回声,斑块质地与周围组织相比低回声,其主要成分为炎性细胞、胶原和弹性纤维及脂肪细胞;(3)硬斑,即超声图像可见较强回声,且存在声影,其主要成分为大量钙盐沉积,斑块表面较为光滑;(4)扁平斑块,即表面存在均匀的低回声,且较为光滑,图像基底面较大,相对较为稳定[1-2]。颈动脉粥样硬化斑块诊断标准:IMT 1.0 mm以上为内膜增厚,IMT 1.2 mm以上为动脉粥样硬化斑块形成,颈动脉内膜光滑完整者为正常[3-4]
1.4  统计学方法  运用SPSS 17.0软件进行数据分析,计量资料以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,采用t检验,计数资料以率(%)表示,采用χ2检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义(P>0.05)。
2  结果
        CI组共检出斑块474个,检出率为99.6%;TIA组共检出斑块118个,检出率为64.1%;对照组共检出斑块242个,检出率为43.2%。3组溃疡斑、软斑、硬斑、扁平斑、不稳定斑块和稳定性斑块等检出率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表2。
表1  3组基础资料分析
Table 1  Analysis of basic data of 3 groups of patients
组别 n 男/(n) 年龄/ 高血压症(n) 高脂血症(n) 糖尿病(n) 冠心病(n) 嗜好烟酒(n)
CI 476 306/170 61.3±1.6 256(53.7) 212(44.5) 202(42.4) 196(41.2) 152(31.9)
TIA 184 138/46 62.1±3.2 78(42.4) 64(34.8) 66(35.6) 58(31.5) 46(25.0)
对照组 560 356/204 61.5±4.4 76(13.6) 72(12.9) 66(11.9) 72(12.9) 58(10.4)
表2  3组颈动脉粥样硬化斑块检出情况和性质分析  [n(%)]
Table 2  Detection and clinical analysis of carotid atherosclerotic plaque in 3 groups  [n(%)]
组别 n 溃疡斑 软斑 硬斑 扁平斑 不稳定斑块 稳定性斑块 斑块检出数量
CI 476 128(27.0) 196(41.4) 88(18.6) 62(13.1) 324(68.4) 150(31.6) 474(99.6)
TIA 184 46(38.9) 30(25.4) 28(23.7) 18(15.3) 76(35.6) 42(35.6) 118(64.1)
对照组 560 34(20.6) 44(18.2) 102(42.1) 62(25.6) 78(32.2) 164(67.8) 242(43.2)
3  讨论
        颈动脉粥样硬化斑块通常包括不稳定斑块和稳定斑块两种类型,其中溃疡斑、软斑等不稳定斑块内部存在较多的脂质,因而质地松软,斑块性质稳定性较差,在斑块脱落、破裂出血和血流冲击的影响下,斑块会随着血液流动,最终诱发脑栓塞,形成缺血性脑血管病[16-20],而硬斑和扁平斑等稳定斑块则内部存在明显的钙化、纤维化倾向,因而存在时间较长,性质较为稳定,较少会出现斑块脱落和破裂出血问题[21-26]。缺血性脑血管病的诱发原因较为复杂,且容易受到多种因素的影响,主要包括:(1)不良嗜好:大量吸烟和饮酒的患者,其血液内存在较多的低密度脂蛋白氧化现象,进而导致动脉内膜损伤,血液中脂质大量沉积[27-31];(2)糖尿病:由于患者长时间处于血糖异常升高状态,导致动脉血管壁结构蛋白异常改变,诱发动脉血管内膜损伤问题,同时,糖尿病患者的代谢紊乱现象也会诱导斑块的发生和发展[32-36];(3)高血压:也是一种动脉粥样硬化为主危险因素,该症状的出现会改变患者的血管壁切应力及张力,诱导血管内破增厚或是细胞损伤,导致血液中的细胞向动脉血管壁黏附而形成动脉粥样斑块[37-42]。缺血性脑血管病与颈动脉粥样硬化之间存在直接的联系,颈动脉粥样硬化斑块脱落、破裂症状的出现,会直接导致患者发生缺血性脑血管病[43-45],其中,硬斑和扁平斑对于患者造成的影响更加严重,溃疡斑和软板均属于不稳定斑块[46-48]。缺血性脑血管病的发生率还会受不良嗜好、冠心病、糖尿病、高脂血症、高血压等因素的影响[49-50],因而积极改变不良的饮食和生活习惯,控制血糖、血脂和血压水平,对于患者疾病的控制和预防具有积极作用。颈动脉超声检查是一种较为准确有效的颈动脉粥样硬化斑块和程度检查技术,对于缺血性脑血管病的检查和预防作用明显。
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(收稿2018-05-03  修回2018-09-25)
本文责编:王喜梅
本文引用信息:黄文甫.缺血性脑血管病与颈动脉粥样硬化的相关性分析[J].中国实用神经疾病杂志,2018,21(21):2399-2403.DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2018.21.513
Reference information:HUANG Wenfu.Correlation between ischemic cerebrovascular disease and carotid atherosclerosis[J].Chinese Journal of Practical Nervous Diseases,2018,21(21):2399-2403.DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2018.21.513 
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